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Published by
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Volume 17 Issue 3
Issue of
Neuroforum
Contents
Journal Overview
Contents
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February 25, 2017
Titelei
Page range: 85-86
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Inhalt
Page range: 87-87
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Einführung
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February 25, 2017
SPP 1392: „Integrative Analysis of Olfaction“ Sonderausgabe von Neuroforum zur Olfaktorik
Giovanni Galizia
Page range: 88-88
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Hauptartikel
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February 25, 2017
Der Geruchsinn der Insekten – Primärprozesse der Duftstofferkennung und Kodierung
Silke Sachse, Jürgen Krieger
Page range: 89-101
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung Duftstoffe geben Insekten überlebenswichtige Informationen über ihre Umwelt und steuern ihr Verhalten in vielfältiger Weise. Ein bemerkenswert empfindlicher und spezialisierter Geruchssinn ermöglicht es den Tieren dabei, auch noch geringste Mengen relevanter Duftstoffe zu registrieren und dadurch z. B. Nahrung, Artgenossen oder Feinde wahrzunehmen. In den letzten Jahren wurden erhebliche Fortschritte im Hinblick auf das Verständnis der molekularen Elemente und zellulären Vorgänge bei der Erkennung von Duftstoffen auf der Antenne, sowie den Prinzipien der Prozessierung von Duftsignalen im Gehirn erzielt. Die derzeitigen Befunde zeigen, dass „Riechhaare“ auf den Antennen chemosensorische Funktionseinheiten mit einer speziellen molekularen Ausstattung sind. Sie enthalten verschiedene Bindeproteine, die Duftstoffe zu spezifischen Rezeptoren in der dendritischen Membran der Riechsinneszellen transferieren. Die Bindung von Duftstoff an das Rezeptorprotein initiiert ionotrope und / oder metabotrope Mechanismen, welche die Information über den chemischen Reiz in Potenzialänderungen übertragen, die im Axon des sensorischen Neurons Veränderungen der spontanen Aktionspotenzialfrequenz verursachen. Die duftabhängigen Aktionspotenziale gelangen als Eingangssignale entlang der Axone von der Antenne in den Antennallobus des Gehirns. Im Antennallobus, der ersten Umschaltstelle für Duftinformation, erfahren die Eingangssignale durch ein komplexes Netzwerk von lokalen Interneuronen eine umfangreiche Prozessierung, bevor die prozessierten Signale über Projektionsneurone an höhere Hirnzentren weitergegeben werden und dort zu einer Geruchswahrnehmung führen.
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February 25, 2017
Moleküle, Zellen und Netzwerke für die Verarbeitung von Geruchsreizen im Riechkolben der Maus
Thomas Kuner, Andreas T. Schaefer
Page range: 102-109
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung Wie Nervenzell-Netzwerke im Gehirn den Informationsfluss steuern und verarbeiten, ist weitestgehend ungeklärt. Bei der Geruchsverarbeitung in Säugetieren sind inhibitorische Verschaltungen in der ersten Verarbeitungsstufe, dem Riechkolben, die anatomisch dominierende Struktur. Mäuse mit spezifischer genetischer Veränderung der Neuronen des Riechkolbens konnten je nach Inhibitionsstärke im Verhaltensexperiment Gerüche schneller oder weniger schnell unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen für eine auch funktionell tragende Rolle der inhibitorischen Verschaltungen in der Geruchsverarbeitung.
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February 25, 2017
Das periphere olfaktorische System von Vertebraten: Molekulare, strukturelle und funktionelle Grundlagen des Riechens
Ivan Manzini, Sigrun Korsching
Page range: 110-118
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Zusammenfassung Der Geruchssinn liefert Menschen und Tieren eine Vielzahl von Informationen über die Umgebung, er trägt zur Orientierung und Warnung bei, steuert die Nahrungsaufnahme, die Wahl des Sexualpartners und beeinflusst maßgeblich das innerartliche Sozialverhalten. Die Wahrnehmung von Geruchsstoffen beginnt mit der Bindung der Geruchsmoleküle an spezialisierte Rezeptormoleküle der Plasmamembran, die fast ausnahmslos zu der Superfamilie der G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren (GPCR) gehören. Insgesamt sind bisher fünf verschiedene Familien von Geruchsrezeptoren identifiziert worden, darunter die mit Abstand größte Genfamilie überhaupt mit über tausend Genen in Nagern. Für diese Familie ist die Signaltransduktionskaskade mittlerweile gut charakterisiert. Drei Arten von Rezeptorneuronen, die ziliierten, mikrovillären und Kryptneurone lassen sich anatomisch und molekular voneinander unterscheiden. Rezeptorneurone beschränken sich in der Regel auf die Expression eines einzigen Geruchsrezeptorgens, und zudem senden Neurone mit übereinstimmend ausgewähltem Rezeptor ihre Axone in eine gemeinsame Zielstruktur, einen Glomerulus, wodurch in der ersten olfaktorischen Gehirnregion, dem Bulbus olfactorius, eine rezeptotope Karte entsteht. Dieser Review gibt zum einen eine allgemeine Übersicht der peripheren Detektion von Geruchsstoffen und fokussiert zum anderen auf die in den letzten Jahren neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse, unter anderem zur peripheren Modulierung olfaktorischer Signale.
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February 25, 2017
Nachrichten aus der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. „Jugend forscht“ – Sonderpreis der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 2011
Page range: 118-118
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Nachruf
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Norbert Elsner (1940 – 2011)
Ralf Heinrich, Andreas Stumpner
Page range: 119-121
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Nachrichten aus der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. Daten und Perspektiven zur Göttinger Jahrestagung der Neurowissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft
Herta Flor
Page range: 122-124
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Bücher
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February 25, 2017
Das Locked-in-Syndrom: Geschichte, Erscheinungsbild, Diagnose und Chancen der Rehabilitation
Page range: 125-126
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Ausblick
Page range: 126-126
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February 25, 2017
Impressum
Page range: 126-128
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e-Neuroforum
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February 25, 2017
Olfaction in insects
The primary processes of odor recognition and coding
Silke Sachse, Jürgen Krieger
Page range: 49-60
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Abstract
Odorants provide insects with crucial information about their environment and trigger various insect behaviors. A remarkably sensitive and selective sense of smell allows the animals to detect extremely low amounts of relevant odorants and thereby recognize, e.g., food, conspecifics, and predators. In recent years, significant progress has been made towards understanding the molecular elements and cellular mechanisms of odorant detection in the antenna and the principles underlying the primary processing of olfactory signals in the brain. These findings show that olfactory hairs on the antenna are specifically equipped with chemosensory detector units. They contain several binding proteins, which transfer odorants to specific receptors residing in the dendritic membrane of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Binding of odorant to the receptor initiates ionotropic and/or metabotropic mechanisms, translating the chemical signal into potential changes, which alter the spontaneous action potential frequency in the axon of the sensory neurons. The odor-dependent action potentials propagate from the antennae along the axon to the brain leading to an input signal within the antennal lobe. In the antennal lobe, the first relay station for olfactory information, the input signals are extensively processed by a complex network of local interneurons before being relayed by projection neurons to higher brain centers, where olfactory perception takes place.
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Molecules, cells and networks involved in processing olfactory stimuli in the mouse olfactory bulb
T. Kuner, A. Schaefer
Page range: 61-67
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How sensory stimuli are processed by neural networks is a key question of neuroscience. Olfactory conditioning experiments in mice demonstrated that odour processing is fast and stimulus-dependent. Selective genetic perturbation of the inhibitory circuitry in the first relay station of olfactory processing, the olfactory bulb, altered such discrimination times, with increased inhibition accelerating and decreased inhibition slowing down odour discrimination. This illustrates that inhibition fulfils a key role in sensory processing.
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February 25, 2017
The peripheral olfactory system of vertebrates: molecular, structural and functional basics of the sense of smell
I. Manzini, S. Korsching
Page range: 68-77
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The sense of smell provides people and animals with an abundance of information about their environment, helping them to navigate, detect potential threats, control food intake, choose sexual partners and significantly influence intraspecies social behavior. The perception of odors begins with the binding of odor molecules to specialized olfactory receptor proteins, which nearly all belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Altogether, five different olfactory receptor gene families have been described to date, among them the largest gene family in the genome with over 1000 genes in rodents. The signal transduction cascade coupled to the receptors has already been well characterized for this family. Three different classes of receptor neurons-ciliated, microvillous and crypt receptor neurons-can be distinguished by their anatomical and molecular characteristics. Generally, an individual receptor neuron expresses only a single olfactory receptor gene, and olfactory receptor neurons that express the same receptor converge into a common target structure, a glomerulus, which generates a receptotopic map in the first olfactory brain region, the olfactory bulb. This review article provides a general overview of the peripheral detection of odorants on the one hand, while on the other it focuses on recent advances in the field, including new findings on the peripheral modulation of olfactory signals.
Journal Overview
About this journal
This journal has ceased publication. Neuroforum was published from 1995 till 2022. It was the official journal of the German Neuroscience Society (GNS) / Neurowissenschaftliche Gesellschaft e.V. (NWG).
The main scientific articles of Neuroforum will appear in solely electronic form on the web portal dasGehirn.info (
https://www.dasgehirn.info/
) starting in 2023.
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