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Nanotechnology Reviews

ISSN: 2191-9097

Editor-in-chief: David Hui

Managing Editor: Juliusz Skoryna

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The Nanotechnology Reviews (NTREV) journal aims at all aspects of nano-science and nano-engineering as well as emerging innovative topics of all areas of engineering science at the nanoscale, nano-energy, nano-biomaterials, and nano-composites. The journal emphasizes interdisciplinary and multi-functional research and linkage between nanotechnology and composites technology.

Non-nano papers with potential significant future contributions to nano-research may be welcomed on a case by case basis. These topics include: bio-inspired/soft materials, 3D/4D printing, molecular dynamics/multi-scale modeling, imaging, batteries, graphene/carbon nano tubes, nano-mechanics, and many others.

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Volume 12 Issue 1

January 2023

Research Articles

Open Access January 25, 2023

Preparation of CdS–Ag₂S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity

Chao Han, Chu Cheng, Fengling Liu, Xinli Li, Guangxin Wang, Jiwen Li

Article number: 20220503

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Abstract

Thiosulfate is a green leaching agent used in the hydrometallurgical process because it is both environmentally benign and can form the required soluble ion complexes. In this article, a novel method for the synthesis of CdS–Ag 2 S nanocomposites from a solution of relevant ion complexes via ultrasound-assisted ultraviolet (UV) photolysis was proposed. An analysis of the mechanism revealed that the complexes undergo a series of photochemical reactions. The CdS–Ag 2 S nanocomposites were synthesized by photochemical co-precipitation under UV-C irradiation. The microstructure, chemical composition, optical and electrochemical properties of the prepared nanocomposites were analyzed to verify the synthesis and investigate the product. The photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under a xenon lamp was performed to determine the photocatalytic activity. Under visible light irradiation, the CdS–Ag 2 S nanocomposites undergo the electrons transition (from valence band to conduction band) to form photogenerated electron–hole pairs realizing the effective separation of carriers and finally promote the degradation of MO to water and carbon dioxide. The subsequent degradation efficiency of the CdS–Ag 2 S nanocomposites was found to be 87% after 90 min, and it was larger than 78% for pure CdS prepared via UV photolysis, indicating that the as-developed novel method can effectively fabricate CdS–Ag 2 S photocatalyst with superior performance.

Open Access January 30, 2023

Significance of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing toward the radiative water-based alumina nanofluid flow over a rotating disk

Muhammad Ramzan, Showkat Ahmad Lone, Abdullah Dawar, Anwar Saeed, Wiyada Kumam, Poom Kumam

Article number: 20220501

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Abstract

The study of nanofluid flow over a rotating disk has significant importance because of its enormous range of implementations, including cancer treatments, chemotherapy, nanomedicines, fermentation sciences, selective drug delivery, food sciences, biosensors, biomedicines, and electronics. Due to these applications of nanofluid, the present problem investigates the magnetohydrodynamic flow of nanofluid with nonlinear thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. In this analysis, the aluminum oxide nanoparticles are mixed with water. Furthermore, the mechanism for inter-particle spacing and radius of aluminum oxide nanoparticles on the dynamics of the two-dimensional flow of nanofluid are investigated. The present problem is modeled in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs), and these PDEs are converted into ordinary differential equations with the help of suitable similarity transformations. The analytical solution to the current modeled problem has been obtained by using the homotopy analysis technique. The main purpose of the present research work is to analyze the behavior of the velocity and temperature of the nanofluid for small and large radius of the aluminum oxide nanoparticles and inter-particle spacing. Also, the role of heat transport is computed for linear and nonlinear thermal radiation cases. The major findings and principal results of this investigation are concluded that the primary velocity of nanoliquid is augmented due to the intensification in suction parameter for both the small and larger radius of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is perceived that the heat rate transfer is larger when the Eckert number and nanoparticle volume fraction are higher for both nonlinear and linear thermal radiation cases.

Open Access February 2, 2023

Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles

Im-Fong Ip, Yi-Shan Wang, Chia-Chen Chang

Article number: 20220514

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Abstract

Serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects brain function, is associated with cancer progression, thus making it a potential biomarker. Despite the increasing efforts and ideas for gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric detection over the years, preparing AuNPs and sensing targets are separate processes, and this incurs more time to operate and produces excess waste. Herein, we report a simple, sensitive, and rapid colorimetric detection method for serotonin based on the in situ formation of AuNP. When only the aptamer is present, it can prevent chloride-induced aggregation of AuNPs because it easily binds to the freshly synthesized AuNPs through its exposed bases to increase the positive charge of the AuNP surfaces. When a complex of serotonin and its aptamer is formed, this complex disturbs the adsorption between aptamers and AuNPs, resulting in reduced stability of AuNPs and easy aggregation of nanoparticles. Therefore, serotonin was measured by color change, consistent with the change in peak intensity in the UV-vis absorption spectrum. The sensor demonstrated good sensitivity with a detection limit of 1 ng/mL (5.7 nM) for serotonin, which is comparable to or better than that of other aptamer-based colorimetric detection methods, further exhibiting the requisite selectivity against possible interferents. These results serve as a basis for developing other biosensors using aptamer-mediated in situ growth of AuNPs.

Open Access February 10, 2023

Investigation of the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti₂AlC and Ti₃AlC nano-precipitates in TiAl alloys

Bo Hou, Aiqin Wang, Pei Liu, Jingpei Xie

Article number: 20220510

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Abstract

In this work, the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti 2 AlC and Ti 3 AlC nano-precipitates in Ti–44Al–1.2C alloys were systematically studied by observing their distribution, morphology, and interface atomic structure. The experiment results show that the needle-like C atom segregation zones in TiAl alloys are the nucleation site of Ti 2 AlC, and the long axis direction of segregation zones is parallel to the TiAl(111) plane. The rod-like Ti 2 AlC nano-precipitates mainly distribute at the TiAl/Ti 3 Al interface, and the orientation relationship between them is [ 1 ̅ 01 \bar{1}01 ]TiAl//[ 11 2 ̅ 0 11\bar{2}0 ]Ti 2 AlC//[ 11 2 ̅ 0 11\bar{2}0 ]Ti 3 Al, (111)TiAl//(0001)Ti 2 AlC//(0001)Ti 3 Al. The needle-like Ti 3 AlC nano-precipitates distribute in TiAl with the orientation relationship of [001]Ti 3 AlC//[001]TiAl, (100)Ti 3 AlC//(100)TiAl, (020)Ti 3 AlC//(020)TiAl, and (110)Ti 3 AlC//(110)TiAl during the nucleation stage. After growing into the rod-like, the orientation relationship between Ti 3 AlC precipitates and TiAl is [ 1 1 ̅ 0 1\bar{1}0 ]Ti 3 AlC//[ 1 1 ̅ 0 1\bar{1}0 ]TiAl, (001)Ti 3 AlC//(001)TiAl, (220)Ti 3 AlC//(220)TiAl, and (111)Ti 3 AlC//(111)TiAl. Both the needle- and rod-like Ti 3 AlC precipitates preferentially grow along the [001]TiAl direction. The crystal structure and lattice mismatch between Ti 2 AlC and Ti 3 AlC nano-precipitates and the TiAl matrix determine their distribution, morphology, and interface atomic structure.

Open Access February 17, 2023

Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiC_p/A356 composites processed by P/M method

Yahu Song, Aiqin Wang, Douqin Ma, Jingpei Xie, Wenyan Wang

Article number: 20220506

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Abstract

Thermal deformation can improve the properties of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) due to the dense and uniform microstructures. And the final microstructure of the AMCs is related to the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior and nucleation mechanism in the thermal forming process. In this regard, the hot compression tests of dual-scale SiC particles reinforced A356 (SiC p /A356) composites prepared by P/M method were carried out at temperatures of 460–520°C and strain rates of 0.01–5 s −1 on a thermal simulation tester. The corresponding microstructure evolution was analyzed by electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the stress–strain curve was a typical DRX unimodal stress curve. The comprehensive influences of the strain rate and deformation temperature on the stress were investigated using the Zener–Hollomon parameter ( Z ), where the deformation activation energy was 443.204 kJ/mol. The DRX critical strain model and DRX volume fraction model were established. DRX behavior of the SiC p /A356 composites was sensitive to the deformation temperatures and strain rates. The micro and nano SiC p can promote the DRX nucleation of Al matrix due to the particle-stimulated nucleation.

Open Access February 24, 2023

High mechanical performance of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane/epoxy cured in a sandwich construction of 3D carbon felts foam and woven basalt fibers

Nabil Kadhim Taieh, Salman Khayoon Khudhur, Eman Abd Alhadi Fahad, Zuowan Zhou, David Hui

Article number: 20220519

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Abstract

Epoxy-based sandwich composites with improved economic efficiency were developed to better utilize composite components with functions such as high mechanical performance and light weight, which influenced quality for load-bearing applications. Herein, an epoxy-based sandwich composite was made by laminating woven basalt fibers (WBFs) as a face sheet on 3D carbon felt foam (3D CFs) as a core material. The cast-in-place process was used to infuse the epoxy solution within the sandwich, resulting in bicontinuous composites with outstanding mechanical characteristics and high performance. In addition, the epoxy solution was combined with a silane coupling agent to boost the composite’s toughness by enhancing the adhesion between the fibers and the epoxy. The mechanical properties of epoxy composites were also found to be much improved when WBFs were used as a face on 3D CF foam. Compared to the epoxy/3DCFs/WBFs composite sandwich to pure epoxy, the flexural and tensile strengths improved by 298.1 and 353.8%, respectively, while the impact strength rose to 135 kJ/m 2 . This research shows a new way to make a new process for making sandwich composites with epoxy that is cheap and strong.

Open Access February 25, 2023

Applying solution of spray polyurea elastomer in asphalt binder: Feasibility analysis and DSR study based on the MSCR and LAS tests

Xiaolong Sun, Zhengbing Yuan, Zhenying Huang, Qin Xu, Yongqiang Zhu, Xinquan Xu, Junshen Yuan, Zhisheng Liu, Yikang Zhang, Qian Chen, Alex Hay-Man Ng

Article number: 20220508

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Abstract

The polyurea elastomer (PUA) powder modifier was prepared by the method of spraying–initial crushing–fine grinding, and then, the PUA-modified asphalt was produced. The typical functional structure of PUA was identified and characterized. The apparent viscosity of PUA-modified asphalt was tested at different temperatures. The impact of particle size and content of PUA on creep and recovery properties of asphalt at high temperature was investigated through the multiple stress creep recovery test. The mesothermal fatigue behavior of PUA-modified asphalt was evaluated by means of time sweep and linear amplitude sweep. Results indicated that the high elastic properties of PUA materials might depend on the spherical structure inside PUA material. The diameter of functional structure was around 20 µm and presented as 3D ball structure. The increase in PUA particle size would lead to the increase in cracks and folds in the bonding surface PUA modifier could improve by about 50% of the apparent viscosity significantly. Furthermore, PUA modifier could promote the high-temperature rutting resistance and middle-temperature fatigue property of asphalt. The improving effect on R could reach almost 28% and the 0.075 mm could be the best application size of PUA.

Open Access February 25, 2023

Study on the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of iron-based bioabsorbable stents

Xiaoli Shi, Lu Zhang, Yanfen Liu, Jinyu Wang, Gui Zhang, Haiping Qi, Wanqian Zhang, Deyuan Zhang, Jin Wang

Article number: 20220507

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Abstract

Fe-based stents have been made a figure in biodegradable stents by their good mechanical capacity and biocompatibility, appropriate strength–ductility combination. Although the iron corrosion rate was not ideal, which had been optimized by iron alloy and polymer coating introduction. As a long-term implanted biodegradable material, the real concern about iron-based stents mainly laid in long-term biosafety. In this work, rats were used as an animal model to study the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of iron-based stents. Two years later, the changes in body weight and the physiological status during the experiment were monitored, and the blood routine and blood analysis combined with the health of major organs and histopathological tests were performed. The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference compared with the control group (316L SS) in body weight, blood routine index, blood biochemical index, and carcinogenic rate that further confirmed the biosafety of iron-based material.

Open Access February 28, 2023

Influence of microalloying with B on the microstructure and properties of brazed joints with Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metal

Sujuan Zhong, Yinkai Shi, Yunpeng Li, Jian Qin, Hua Yu, Datian Cui, Weimin Long

Article number: 20220509

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Abstract

Processing and formation of Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metals with high Sn content are difficult owing to their high brittleness. A composite flux-cored silver (Ag) filler metal of a CuSn + XB alloy powder was designed using the principle of in situ synthesis. Copper–Copper (Cu–Cu) joints were obtained using a novel Ag-based filler metal (at B contents of 0, 2, and 3%). The microstructure and evolution of the mechanical properties of the Cu–Cu brazed joints were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microscope, electron backscattering diffraction, tensile testing, and nanoindentation tester. The brazed joints mainly consisted of Ag-based solid solution (Ag(s.s)) and Cu-based solid solution (Cu(s.s)). Due to the addition of 3% B, (Ag + Cu) eutectic network structures were formed in the brazing seam. At the same time, the grain size, texture strength, misorientation distribution, and deformation of Ag(s.s) and Cu(s.s) in the brazing seam changed significantly. The overall microhardness of the brazing seam significantly increased as the B content increased in the filler metals. The tensile strength of the joints followed a parabola. At the B content of 2%, the ultimate tensile strength of the Cu–Cu joints was 248.0 MPa. The brazed joints featured intergranular, dimple, and cleavage fractures.

Open Access March 4, 2023

Thermohydraulic performance of thermal system integrated with twisted turbulator inserts using ternary hybrid nanofluids

Omer A. Alawi, Haslinda Mohamed Kamar, Mayadah W. Falah, Omar A. Hussein, Ali H. Abdelrazek, Waqar Ahmed, Mahmoud Eltaweel, Raad Z. Homod, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Zaher Mundher Yaseen

Article number: 20220504

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Abstract

Mono, hybrid, and ternary nanofluids were tested inside the plain and twisted-tape pipes using k-omega shear stress transport turbulence models. The Reynolds number was 5,000 ≤ Re ≤ 15,000, and thermophysical properties were calculated under the condition of 303 K. Single nanofluids (Al 2 O 3 /distilled water [DW], SiO 2 /DW, and ZnO/DW), hybrid nanofluids (SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 /DW, SiO 2 + ZnO/DW, and ZnO + Al 2 O 3 /DW) in the mixture ratio of 80:20, and ternary nanofluids (SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 + ZnO/DW) in the mixture ratio of 60:20:20 were estimated in different volumetric concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%). The twisted pipe had a higher outlet temperature than the plain pipe, while SiO 2 /DW had a lower T out value with 310.933 K (plain pipe) and 313.842 K (twisted pipe) at Re = 9,000. The thermal system gained better energy using ZnO/DW with 6178.060 W (plain pipe) and 8426.474 W (twisted pipe). Furthermore, using SiO 2 /DW at Re = 9,000, heat transfer improved by 18.017% (plain pipe) and 21.007% (twisted pipe). At Re = 900, the pressure in plain and twisted pipes employing SiO 2 /DW reduced by 167.114 and 166.994%, respectively. In general, the thermohydraulic performance of DW and nanofluids was superior to one. Meanwhile, with Re = 15,000, DW had a higher value of η Thermohydraulic = 1.678.

Open Access March 16, 2023

Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites

Lubomír Lapčík, Harun Sepetcioğlu, Yousef Murtaja, Barbora Lapčíková, Martin Vašina, Martin Ovsík, Michal Staněk, Shweta Gautam

Article number: 20220520

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Abstract

This article aimed to compare various mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites. Graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were used as fillers at different concentrations. The studied fillers were dispersed in the epoxy resin matrices. Elastic–plastic mechanical behavior modulation was observed utilizing the fillers’ nanoparticles and carboxyl-terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer rubber-modified epoxy resin. The hypothesis of the possible preceding inter-particle gliding of the individual GnPs in the complex resin nanocomposite matrix during mechanical testings was also confirmed. Increased ductility (elongation at break increased from 0.33 mm [neat matrix] to 0.46 mm [1 wt% GnPs] [39% increase]) and plasticity of the GnP nanocomposite samples were observed. In contrast, the decreasing mechanical stiffness as reflected in the decreased Young’s modulus of elasticity (from 3.4 to 2.7 GPa [20% decrease]) was found for the epoxy/HNT nanocomposites. The obtained dynamic stiffness of the investigated nanocomposites confirmed the complexity of the mechanical response of the studied material systems as a combination of the ductile and brittle phenomena.

Open Access March 16, 2023

Effects of CaO addition on the CuW composite containing micro- and nano-sized tungsten particles synthesized via aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction

Chu Cheng, Xinyu Wang, Kexing Song, Ziwei Song, Zhihe Dou, Mengen Zhang, Haitao Liu, Xiaoheng Li, Liye Niu

Article number: 20220527

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Abstract

CuW composite fabricated by powder metallurgy using ultrafine metal powders as raw materials has the disadvantages such as uneven microstructure and low compactness. A novel method of synthesizing an as-cast CuW composite ingot via an aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction is presented; a low-melting-point CaO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 slag is formed by adding CaO as a slag former, effectively reducing Al 2 O 3 inclusion in the CuW composite. In this study, the effects of CaO addition on the novel synthesis of the CuW composite via the aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction are investigated. The result shows that CaO affects the removal of large particles (≥6 µm) but not the removal of small particles (≤4 µm). With the increase in the ratio of CaO ranging from 0 to 1.0, the inclusions in the CuW composites gradually transform from Al 2 O 3 to calcium aluminates, which are conducive to the separation of the metal and slag. The contents of Si and O in the CuW composites gradually decrease from 9.40 and 14.00% to 6.10 and 3.50%, respectively, while those of Al and Ca gradually increase from 2.54 and 0.02% to 3.83 and 0.26%, respectively.

Open Access March 25, 2023

Cu and Al₂O₃-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous cavity

Ebrahem A. Algehyne, Zehba Raizah, Taza Gul, Anwar Saeed, Sayed M. Eldin, Ahmed M. Galal

Article number: 20220526

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Abstract

In this study, the (Cu and Al 2 O 3 /water) hybrid nanofluid flow is carried out in a porous cavity. The thermophysical structures of solid materials are used from the available literature to improve the thermal performance of the base fluid. The mathematical model as a porous cavity is mainly used in the distillation process and is vital for the storage of thermal energy. The magnetic field is also employed perpendicular to the flow field and the impact of the magnetic parameter examined versus fluid motion. Similarity variables are used to transform governing equations as simplified partial differential equations. The model is solved using the control volume-based finite element method. Boussinesq–Darcy force is employed for the motion of the fluid flow, and the Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model is used to assess the characteristics of the hybrid nanofluids. The roles of the Hartmann number, Rayleigh number, porosity factor in the porous medium, and drag fin improve traditional fluids’ thermal distribution presentation. Recent results predict that the two different kinds of nanoparticles speed up the heat transfer through the porous cavity. The percentage analysis shows that the hybrid nanofluids (Cu and Al 2 O 3 /water) are prominent in improving traditional fluids’ thermal distribution. Finally, the grid sensitivity test is also carried out for hybrid nanoparticles to demonstrate that the results are asymptotically coherent.

Open Access March 31, 2023

Design of functional vancomycin-embedded bio-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels for repairing infectious bone defects

Qi Dong, Sunfang Chen, Jiuqin Zhou, Jingcheng Liu, Yubin Zou, Jiawei Lin, Jun Yao, Dan Cai, Danhua Tao, Bing Wu, Bin Fang

Article number: 20220524

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Abstract

The treatment of infectious bone defects has become a troublesome issue in orthopedics. The disease requires effective anti-infective and bone-reconstruction therapeutic functionalities. In this study, we prepared a novel antibacterial material (vancomycin-impregnated periosteal extracellular matrix [Van-PEM]) by embedding vancomycin in a periosteal extracellular matrix (PEM)-derived hydrogel via physical stirring for the treatment of infectious bone defects. The microstructure, porosity, degradation, and release properties of this antibacterial hydrogel were characterized. The in vitro hemolytic reaction, cytotoxicity, osteogenic ability, and antibacterial properties were also carefully studied. The results showed that the Van-PEM hydrogel possessed a fibrous network structure with high porosity. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrated slow degradation in vitro and could release vancomycin for at least 1 week. The hydrogel showed no cytotoxicity and possessed good biocompatibility with blood cells. It also promoted osteogenesis and exerted a significant bactericidal effect. Subsequently, the anti-infection and bone-healing abilities of the antibacterial hydrogel were investigated in a rat model of infectious calvarial defects, and the infectious skull defect was successfully cured in vivo . Therefore, Van-PEM hydrogels may represent a promising therapeutic approach for treating infectious bone defects.

Open Access April 1, 2023

Study on nanocrystalline coating prepared by electro-spraying 316L metal wire and its corrosion performance

Ye Liu, Qiuzhi Song, Pengwan Chen, Kun Huang, Yixun Yang

Article number: 20220531

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Abstract

In this work, we study the corrosion performance of coatings prepared by electrical explosion spraying of metal wires. 316L metal wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm is used as spray material, and the coating is prepared on the 45 # steel substrate by electrical explosion spraying. The oil–water corrosion experiment of the coating is carried out in a constant temperature water bath of 60°C for 168 h. The scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy results of the experimental samples have shown that some metal oxides are found inside the coating, most of which are distributed at the grain boundaries with a size range of 30–50 nm. The corrosion rate of the coating is measured by weight loss method with a corrosion rate of 0.079 mm/annum. XRD results show that the corrosion generates CaCO 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , and MgFe 2 O 4 . Coating corrosion is mainly caused by the formation of electrochemical corrosion between oxides and non-oxides in the coating, and pitting corrosion and intergranular corrosion in the presence of chloride ions.

Review Articles

Open Access February 10, 2023

Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective

Rabia Ikram, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Péter B. Nagy, Tamas Szabo

Article number: 20220512

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Abstract

In line with the global recognition of waste-to-wealth concept aiming for circular economy, scientific articles are published in greatly increasing number on the eco-friendly and sustainable utilization of carbon nanocomposites. However, control on the structure and properties of waste-derived carbon nanomaterials still requires substantial future research. In this review, recycling materials into nanocomposites containing graphene are narrated by overviewing all the 120 publications currently available in the literature including their pioneering study in 2012 and their recent developments until 2022, focusing on energy-related aspects of functional graphene-based nanocomposites. Interestingly, almost all currently available sources report on composites in which graphene is a high value-added filler or matrix, and only the other phase originates from wastes. Flexibility of process parameters of pyrolysis methods enables the synthesis of biomass-derived graphene composites for virtually any kind of industrial applications. Biomass often acts both as carbon and SiO 2 source, while only a few percentages of graphene material induce significant changes in their physicochemical properties. Utilization of wastes for energetic composites increases abruptly due to their outstanding price-to-value ratio and reusability. Future perspectives and current green chemistry or human health related challenges are also discussed to pave ways for new developments using unexplored waste sources.

Open Access February 13, 2023

Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review

Nur Aliaa Zulkefli, Rohani Mustapha, Suriani Mat Jusoh, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, Mohamad Awang, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas

Article number: 20220499

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Abstract

Thermoset and biothermoset applications have been advancing tremendously in recent years due to their easy processing, versatility, and exceptional mechanical and thermal properties. Biothermoset is a type of thermoset that is produced using biological resources, either in portions by blending with the conventional resin, or completely. Various research has been employed to accommodate their high and rapidly growing demands and broaden their functions and implementation in numerous fields. One of these attempts is the reinforcement of nanofillers. Nanofillers such as nanoclay, graphene nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamond, etc. , possess diverse and outstanding properties and are also easily accessible. Recently, there has been a developing trend of hybridizing two or more types of nanofillers as a hybrid reinforcement system to address the limitations of single-filler reinforcement systems and to establish better-supporting properties of the nanocomposites. In this review, we discussed the use of hybrid nanofillers in different thermoset and biothermoset applications. Emphasis is given to the types of hybrids, their interactions with each other and the host polymer, and the effects of their contents and ratios. Limitations from the previous works are also discussed and the future undertaking of research on hybrid nanofillers is also proposed.

Open Access February 13, 2023

Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19

Marjan Motiei, Lucian A. Lucia, Tomas Sáha, Petr Sáha

Article number: 20220515

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Abstract

Over the past two centuries, most pandemics have been caused by zoonotic RNA viruses with high mutation, infection, and transmission rates. Due to the importance of understanding the viruses’ role in establishing the latest outbreak pandemics, we briefly discuss their etiology, symptomatology, and epidemiology and then pay close attention to the latest chronic communicable disease, SARS-CoV-2. To date, there are no generally proven effective techniques in the diagnosis, treatment, and spread strategy of viral diseases, so there is a profound need to discover efficient technologies to address these issues. Nanotechnology can be a promising approach for designing more functional and potent therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral diseases. Moreover, this review intends to summarize examples of nanostructures that play a role in preventing, diagnosing, and treating COVID-19 and be a comprehensive and helpful review by covering notable and vital applications of nanotechnology-based strategies for improving health and environmental sanitation. Graphical abstract Nanotechnology is a promising approach for preventing, diagnosing, and treating COVID-19 and related viral diseases.

Open Access February 18, 2023

Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development

Hamdoon A. Mohammed, Riaz A. Khan, Varsha Singh, Mohammad Yusuf, Naseem Akhtar, Ghassan M. Sulaiman, Salim Albukhaty, Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif, Maria Khan, Salman A. A. Mohammed, Amal M. Al-Subaiyel

Article number: 20220517

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Abstract

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), the spheroidal-shaped, colloids state lipophilic-natured, innovative nanoscale particulate materials, are being concurrently prepared by the quality-by-design approach for cellular and sub-cellular delivery of drugs and other payloads with facilitated physicochemical characteristics for targeted delivery. The delivery of drugs, other pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceutical materials, and genes to the diseased body organs, tissues, and cellular mass have been developed as promising nanocarriers for different high-incidence cancers and other disease therapies, including the Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and tuberculosis. SLNs have evolved as favorable lipid-based formulation, and have served as oral and intravenous carriers that targeted the drug with stable and sterile transport, sustained delivery, controlled drug/payload deloading, and requisite biodistributions. SLNs advantages, shortcomings, and bottlenecks have been discussed with plausible remediation strategies. The laboratory-scale and bulk preparations, use of different lipids in various preparation, surface coatings, physicochemical properties of the final product, and characterization protocols are also encompassed, as are the routes of administrations, specific-sites-targeting, and on-site outreach with biocompatibility, bioavailability, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics inputs with relevance to the therapy. Plausible applications in complex and genetic disorders, and as personalized medicine, also of traditional and alternative medicine prospects, are also discussed. Graphical abstract

Open Access February 20, 2023

Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires

Sergei Vlassov, Dmitry Bocharov, Boris Polyakov, Mikk Vahtrus, Andris Šutka, Sven Oras, Veronika Zadin, Andreas Kyritsakis

Article number: 20220505

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Abstract

In this critical review, we call attention to a widespread problem related to the vast disagreement in elastic moduli values reported by different authors for nanostructures made of the same material. As a particular example, we focus on ZnO nanowires (NWs), which are among the most intensively studied nanomaterials due to their remarkable physical properties and promising applications. Since ZnO NWs possess piezoelectric effects, many applications involve mechanical deformations. Therefore, there are plenty of works dedicated to the mechanical characterization of ZnO NWs using various experimental and computational techniques. Although the most of works consider exactly the same growth direction and wurtzite crystal structure, reported values of Young’s modulus vary drastically from author to author ranging from 20 to 800 GPa. Moreover, both – diameter dependent and independent – Young’s modulus values have been reported. In this work, we give a critical overview and perform a thorough analysis of the available experimental and theoretical works on the mechanical characterization of ZnO NWs in order to find out the most significant sources of errors and to bring out the most trustable results.

Open Access February 24, 2023

Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review

Mahdi Madelatparvar, Mahdi Salami Hosseini, Chunwei Zhang

Article number: 20220516

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Abstract

The application of micro-/nano-capsules in construction industries has been rising over the past decade. Polyurea with tunable chemical and morphological structure are of interesting polymers to prepare micro-/nano-capsules used in construction. The structure of polyurea micro-/nano-capsule is capable to be tailored via bulk emulsion or microfluidic method. Important factors for production of micro/nano-capsules are the rate of fabrication and having control over mean size, dispersity, and wall thickness. The bulk emulsion method provides higher yield of production with less control over sizes and dispersity in comparison to microfluidic technique. The main applications of polyurea micro-/nano-capsules in construction industries are categorized as thermal energy saving, self-healing concrete, self-healing polymers, and fire retarding. Polyurea showed appropriate thermal conductivity and mechanical properties which is required for encapsulation of phase change materials. Titanium dioxide polyurea microcapsules possess energy storage efficiency of 77.3% and thermal storage capacity of 99.9%. Polyurea microcapsules with sodium silicate cargo provided self-healing abilities for oil well cement in high temperature and showed higher self-healing abilities compared to gelatin microcapsules. Graphene oxide polyurea micro-/nano-capsules demonstrated 62.5% anti-corrosive self-healing efficiency in epoxy coating, and steel coated via dendritic polyurea microcapsules embedded polyurethane remained unchanged after long time immersion in salt water.

Open Access February 28, 2023

A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19

Yonrapach Areerob, Suresh Sagadevan, Won-Chun Oh

Article number: 20220513

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Abstract

COVID-19 is a contagious syndrome caused by SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that requires rapid diagnostic testing to identify and manage in the affected persons, characterize epidemiology, and promptly make public health decisions and manage the virus present in the affected person and promptly make public health decisions by characterizing the epidemiology. Technical problems, especially contamination occurring during manual real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), can result in false-positive NAAT results. In some cases, RNA detection technology and antigen testing are alternatives to RT-PCR. Sequencing is vital for tracking the SARS-CoV-2 genome’s evolution, while antibody testing is beneficial for epidemiology. SARS-CoV-2 testing can be made safer, faster, and easier without losing accuracy. Continued technological advancements, including smartphone integration, will help in the current epidemic and prepare for the next. Nanotechnology-enabled progress in the health sector has aided disease and pandemic management at an early stage. These nanotechnology-based analytical tools can be used to quickly diagnose COVID-19. The SPOT system is used to diagnose the coronavirus quickly, sensibly, accurately, and with portability. The SPOT assay consists of RT-LAMP, followed by pfAgo-based target sequence detection. In addition, SPOT system was used to detect both positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 samples. This combination of speed, precision, sensitivity, and mobility will allow for cost-effective and high-volume COVID-19 testing.

Open Access March 15, 2023

Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system

Zhenzhen Lin, Xianlei Chen, Lu Lu, Xin Yao, Chunyang Zhai, Hengcong Tao

Article number: 20220518

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Abstract

Catalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals from sustainable biomass or biomass-derived platform chemicals is an essential strategy for reducing dependency on fossil fuels. As a precursor for the synthesis of important polymers such as polyesters, polyurethanes, and polyamides, FDCA is a monomer with high added value. Meanwhile, due to its widespread use in chemical industry, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has gained significant interest in recent years. In this review, we discuss the electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and summarize the most recent advances in electrode materials from the past 5 years, including reaction mechanisms, catalyst structures, and coupling reactions. First, the effect of pH on the electrocatalytic oxidation of furfural is presented, followed by a systematic summary of the reaction mechanism (direct and indirect oxidation). Then, the advantages, disadvantages, and research progress of precious metal, non-precious metal, and non-metallic HMF electrooxidation catalysts are discussed. In addition, a coupled dual system that combines HMF electrooxidation with hydrogen reduction reaction, CO 2 reduction, or N 2 reduction for more effective energy utilization is discussed. This review can guide the electrochemical oxidation of furfural and the development of advanced electrocatalyst materials for the implementation and production of renewable resources. Graphical abstract

Open Access March 23, 2023

Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery

Yi Pan, Changqing Zhang, Shuangchun Yang, Yapeng Liu, Abbas Muhammad

Article number: 20220530

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Abstract

In recent years, silica-based polymer nanofluids (NFs) have attracted more and more attention because they can enhance temperature and salt tolerance. This study summarized the research progress and prospects of silica-based polymer NFs in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). First, the synthesis method and the effect on silica-based polymer NFs were studied. Research progress in rheology, wettability, viscoelasticity, interfacial tension, adsorption, porous media flow, and emulsion stability were reviewed, and the mechanism for EOR was expounded. Then, the mechanical properties of silica-based polymer NFs and the interaction between silica and polymer were discussed by molecular dynamics simulation. And the progress of research on macroscopic reservoir simulation was explored. Finally, the related auxiliary technologies were introduced, and future research directions were put forward. The results of this study will help researchers better understand the mechanism and research progress of silica-based polymer NFs in EOR.

Open Access March 29, 2023

Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs

Xiaotong Shao, Changkuo Shi, Shuqing Wu, Fei Wang, Wenliang Li

Article number: 20220525

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Abstract

Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) are a hotspot of new drug delivery systems with great development potential. They provide new approaches to fighting against diseases. NDDSs are specially designed to serve as carriers for the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to their target sites, and their unique physicochemical characteristics allow for prolonged circulation time, improved targeting, and avoidance of drug resistance. Despite remarkable progress achieved in the preparation and efficacy evaluation of NDDSs, the understanding of the in vivo pharmacokinetics of NDDSs is still insufficient. Analysis of NDDSs is far more complicated than that for small molecular drugs; thus, almost all conventional techniques are inadequate for accurate profiling of their pharmacokinetic behaviour in vivo . In this article, we systematically reviewed the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of NDDSs and summarized the advanced bioanalytic techniques for tracing the in vivo fate of NDDSs. We also reviewed the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of NDDS, which has been a useful tool in characterizing and predicting the systemic disposition, target exposure, and efficacy/toxicity of various types of drugs when coupled with pharmacodynamic modelling. We hope that this review will be helpful in improving the understanding of NDDS pharmacokinetics and facilitating the development of NDDSs.

Open Access April 1, 2023

Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications

Mehrdad Khakbiz, Sara Shakibania, Lida Ghazanfari, Shan Zhao, Milad Tavakoli, Zi Chen

Article number: 20220523

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Abstract

The development of architectured nanomaterials has been booming in recent years in part due to their expanded applications in the biomedical field, such as biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapeutics. Nanomaterials exhibit a wide variety of shapes depending on both the intrinsic properties of the materials and the synthesis procedures. Typically, the large surface areas of nanomaterials improve the rate of mass transfer in biological reactions. They also have high self-ordering and assembly behaviors, which make them great candidates for various biomedical applications. Some nanomaterials have a high conversion rate in transforming the energy of photons into heat or fluorescence, thus showing promise in cancer treatment (such as hyperthermia) and bioimaging. The nanometric dimension makes them suitable for passing through the biological barriers or interacting with the natural molecules (such as DNA, protein). Nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, and nanodendrites are examples of nano-sized structures, which exhibit unique geometry-dependent properties. Here we reviewed the fabrication methods, features, properties, and biomedical applications of four nano-structured materials including nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves. We further provided our perspectives on employing these novel nanostructures as advanced functional materials for a broad spectrum of applications. Graphical abstract

Volume 7 (2018)

Volume 6 (2017)

Volume 5 (2016)

Volume 4 (2015)

Volume 3 (2014)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2012)

5-year Impact Factor	6.467
Cite Score	7.4
Impact Factor	6.739
Journal Citation Indicator	0.79
SCImago Journal Rank	0.835
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	1.383

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Editor-in-Chief:
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Zdenek P. Bazant, Northwestern University, USA
Alberto Bianco, National Scientific Research Centre (CNRS), France
Katerina Chlichlia, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
Xiaowei Deng, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Mizi Fan, Brunel University, UK
Daining Fang, Beijing University of Technology, China
Lizeng Gao, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, China
Michal M. Godlewski, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
Alfonso Munoz Gonzalez, University of Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Linxia Gu, Florida Institute of Technology, USA
Soon Hyung Hong, KAIST, South Korea
Xian Jian, UESTC, Chengdu, China
Denvid Lau, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Haitao Li, Nanjing Forestry University, China
Jinyang Li, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Luis M. Liz-Marzan, CIC biomaGUNE, Spain
Haibao Lv, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Yogendra Kumar Mishra, The Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
Fanbin Meng, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Soojin Park, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
Ram Prasad, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, India
Zhaoye Qin, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Mahendra Rai, SGB Amravati University, Maharashtra, India
Kyong Yop Rhee, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
Babak Safaei, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
Maulin P Shah, Enviro Technology Limited, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India
Hamdi Bin Abd Shukor, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
Kexing Song, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
C.P. Tsui, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Guannan Wang, Zhejiang University, China
Anthony Waas, University of Michigan, USA
Brian Wardle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Nan Wu, University of Manitoba, Canada
Yumin Yang, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
He Zhang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Changchun Zhou, Sichuan University, China
Zuowan Zhou, Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Jackie Yi-Ru Ying, NanoBio Laboratory, Singapore

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Aurelio L. Araujo, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Philippe Boisse, University of Lyon, France
Monssef Drissi-Habti, IFSTTAR, Nantes, France
Milan Gaff, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Wei Gao, University of New South Wales, Australia
Viktor Gribniak, VGTU, Vilnius, Lithuania
Nikhil Gupta, New York University, USA
Weidong He, UESTC, Chengdu, China
Rhys Jones, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Lubomir Lapcik, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Rep.
Alan K.-T. Lau, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
T. Duc Ngo, University of Melbourne, Australia
Y. B. Park, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
A.H. Sofiyev, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Mohammad Talha, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
Theodoros C. Rousakis, D.U.Th., Xanthi, Greece
Di Wu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, NDUM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ao Zhou, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China

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(Deutsch)

Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: January 20, 2012
Publication Frequency: 1 Issue per Year
Audience: Scientists and engineers in nanotechnology and all involved disciplines

Nanotechnology Reviews

Preparation of CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity

Abstract

Significance of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing toward the radiative water-based alumina nanofluid flow over a rotating disk

Abstract

Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles

Abstract

Investigation of the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC nano-precipitates in TiAl alloys

Abstract

Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites processed by P/M method

Abstract

High mechanical performance of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane/epoxy cured in a sandwich construction of 3D carbon felts foam and woven basalt fibers

Abstract

Applying solution of spray polyurea elastomer in asphalt binder: Feasibility analysis and DSR study based on the MSCR and LAS tests

Abstract

Study on the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of iron-based bioabsorbable stents

Abstract

Influence of microalloying with B on the microstructure and properties of brazed joints with Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metal

Abstract

Thermohydraulic performance of thermal system integrated with twisted turbulator inserts using ternary hybrid nanofluids

Abstract

Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites

Abstract

Effects of CaO addition on the CuW composite containing micro- and nano-sized tungsten particles synthesized via aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction

Abstract

Cu and Al2O3-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous cavity

Abstract

Design of functional vancomycin-embedded bio-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels for repairing infectious bone defects

Abstract

Study on nanocrystalline coating prepared by electro-spraying 316L metal wire and its corrosion performance

Abstract

Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective

Abstract

Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review

Abstract

Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19

Abstract

Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development

Abstract

Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires

Abstract

Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review

Abstract

A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19

Abstract

Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system

Abstract

Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery

Abstract

Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs

Abstract

Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications

Abstract

Preparation of CdS–Ag₂S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity

Investigation of the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti₂AlC and Ti₃AlC nano-precipitates in TiAl alloys

Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiC_p/A356 composites processed by P/M method

Cu and Al₂O₃-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous cavity