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Open Linguistics

ISSN: 2300-9969

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Open Linguistics is an academic peer-reviewed journal covering all areas of linguistics. The objective of this journal is to foster free exchange of ideas and provide an appropriate platform for presenting, discussing and disseminating new concepts, current trends, theoretical developments and research findings related to a broad spectrum of topics: descriptive linguistics, theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives.

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Coordinating Editors: Titela VÎLCEANU, Antonia CRISTINOI BURSUC, Verónica PACHECO COSTA, Loredana PUNGÃ
manuscript submission deadline: 15 June 2023

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Translation Times, Titela Vîlceanu & Daniel Dejica (eds.)
Modification in Functional Discourse Grammar, Thomas Schwaiger, Elnora ten Wolde, & Evelien Keizer (eds).
Current issues in Morpho-syntax in Japanese and Korean
Perspectives on multilingual speakers, A. Stêpkowska & J. Sypiañska (eds).
Weak cesuras: what fuzzy boundaries can accomplish in talk-in-interaction, Dagmar Barth Weingarten & Richard Ogden (eds).
Language and Prejudice, Mats Deutschmann & Anders Steinvall (eds).

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Band 9 Heft 1

Januar 2023

Research Articles

Open Access 25. Januar 2023

Interpreting unwillingness to speak L2 English by Japanese EFL learners

Akiko Muroya

Artikelnummer: 20220227

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Abstract

This article reports on an empirical study investigating what makes Japanese learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) unwilling to speak English, regardless of their learning period, proficiency level, and location of the communication. The current study focuses on the self-perception of second language (L2) English abilities, anxiety, and interlocutors as possible causes of their unwillingness to speak L2 English, compared with first language (L1) Japanese. An online questionnaire was administered to 27 Japanese undergraduate students (age: 19–22) with non-English majors at a national university in Tokyo, Japan. The results show that the elements depressing the self-perception and willingness to speak are fundamental to managing human relationships in speaking situations, which have more impact on L2 English than L1 Japanese contexts. This is attributable to other-directedness, which has been discussed as being characteristic of Japanese and Chinese EFL learners. Furthermore, it appears plausible to assume that the other-directedness derives more from “considerations for others” than “face-saving.” Future work will further investigate what constitutes Japanese other-directedness, compared with Chinese EFL learners’.

Open Access 27. Januar 2023

Factors in sound change: A quantitative analysis of palatalization in Northern Mandarin

Sha Liu

Artikelnummer: 20220226

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Abstract

Factors in sound change are still a major subject of debate in the field of linguistics, with the frequency factor perhaps being the most controversial. The present article focuses on palatalization of the velars before high front vowels and glides in Northern Mandarin, because palatalization stretched for more than 100 years and can provide detailed information concerning its contour. Based on a statistical analysis of corpus data of palatalization in Northern Mandarin, the present article argues that the factor of frequency is positively associated with palatalization and the factor of frequency change is negatively associated. Morphosyntactic structure and word class are also claimed to be factors in sound change. However, neither of these two factors has emerged as significant in the current study.

Open Access 30. Januar 2023

Beliefs on translation speed among students. A case study

Rafik Jamoussi, Aladdin Al Zahran, Kais A. Kadhim

Artikelnummer: 20220228

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Abstract

Novice translation graduates are often found to be slow translators. The fact that this deficiency is usually rectified through professional experience implies that initial performance issues are the outcome of a complex interplay of factors, which do not involve intrinsic abilities. Based on insights from cognitively oriented research on students’ beliefs about language learning and the impact these beliefs have on students’ performance, the present study posits that the beliefs students have towards the question of translation speed represent one of the factors that fashion their productivity. Targeting graduates from the English Language and Translation programme at a private university in an Arab Gulf State, a mixed method approach, including a survey and a semi-structured interview, was adopted to explore the beliefs students have towards the question of speed and to identify the sources of these beliefs in their training programme. Analysis reveals that productivity awareness among the investigated population is almost non-existent and points at the predominantly product-oriented approach that characterises their learning experience as the main source of this condition. This article argues that improving students’ awareness of productivity requirements is not just a case of integrating timed activities, but calls for the adoption of multi-layered process-oriented training principles and practices at the level of delivery, feedback, and assessment criteria.

Open Access 15. Februar 2023

Towards a unified representation of linguistic meaning

Prakash Mondal

Artikelnummer: 20220225

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Abstract

Natural language meaning has properties of both cognitive representations and formal/mathematical structures. But it is not clear how they actually relate to one another. The central aim of this article is to show that properties of cognitive representations and formal/mathematical structures of natural language meaning, albeit apparently divergent, can be united, as far as the basic properties of semantic structures are concerned. Thus, this article will formulate the form of unified representations for semantic structures. With this goal, this article takes into account standard formal-semantic representations and also Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) representations on the one hand and semantic representations in different versions of Conceptual/Cognitive Semantics (Jackendoff’s, Langacker’s and Talmy’s approaches to Conceptual/Cognitive Semantics) and representations of Mental Spaces (Fauconnier’s approach) on the other hand. The rationale behind the selection of these approaches is that the representations of semantic structures under these approaches are all amenable to unification. It must be emphasized that showing that the representations of semantic structures under these approaches can be unified does not simply amount to unifying these theories/approaches in toto. Rather, it is to demonstrate that cognitive representations and formal/mathematical structures can be shown to be inter-translatable for at least some accounts of linguistic meaning.

Open Access 16. Februar 2023

Hedging with modal auxiliary verbs in scientific discourse and women’s language

Lindsay Susannah Schmauss, Kelly Kilian

Artikelnummer: 20220229

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Abstract

This Critical Discourse Analysis examines hedging as a linguistic device at the intersection of scientific discourse and women’s language. Hedging has been identified as a marker of scientific discourse where it is valued for expanding dialogic space for the promulgation of knowledge. It is also a recognised marker of women’s common language, where it is purported to align with discriminatory gender norms that women should not impose their views but could also be construed as a lack of clear thinking, conviction, or confidence. This could be limiting, especially in professional domains, however, the particular value attached to hedging in scientific discourse challenges this hypothesis and provides the focus of this study of gender differences in hedging with modal auxiliary verbs in the context of scientific discourse. The findings confirm hedging as a marker of scientific discourse and reflect modal auxiliaries being used with similar frequency by women and men, although with subtle, but significant differences in the specific modals that were used, and how. This provides a nuanced picture of women hedging in ways that mostly exemplify the standards of scientific discourse while also integrating some of the socially normative hedging practices that are associated with women’s language.

Open Access 17. Februar 2023

Front vowels of Spanish: A challenge for Chinese speakers

Yongfa Cao, Dolors Font-Rotchés, Agnès Rius-Escudé

Artikelnummer: 20220230

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Abstract

This research proposes to define the timbre of front vowels [e] and [i] in the spontaneous speech of the Spanish interlanguage spoken by Chinese people and to determine the convergent and divergent features of Peninsular Spanish. Variables such as gender, level of Spanish proficiency and the (a)tonicity of the vowels will also be assessed to see the extent to which these factors influence the pronunciation of the learners. A corpus of 1,489 front vowels produced by 36 Chinese speakers and a corpus of 420 vowels produced by 79 Spanish speakers were used for this study. The mean F 1 and F 2 values were calculated for each vowel. According to the statistical analysis of spontaneous speech, the interlanguage and the target language are similar in that the sounds [i] and [e] are significantly different, the atonic and tonic [i] show no significant differences and the tonic [e] is more open than the atonic [e] in both genders. However, the interlanguage diverges more from the target language because the timbre of the front vowels is more dispersed, that of [i] is more closed and fronted and that of [e] is more open and fronted, in both males and females, tonic and atonic. Finally, the study reveals that the level of language proficiency and tonicity are factors that influence the acquisition of pronunciation.

Open Access 22. Februar 2023

Spheres of interest: Space and social cognition in Phola deixis

Manuel David González Pérez

Artikelnummer: 20220215

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Abstract

After a period of space-centred description of demonstratives, recent research has highlighted the role of attention, psychological proximity and shared knowledge in determining deictic choice. While convincing evidence has been presented that mental states may define deictic reference (e.g. in Turkish, Jahai or Kogi), there is also neuroscientific data suggesting that spatial cognition is often drawn upon in the process and that spatial and attentional perspectives may interact with each other. Pragmatic analysis of deictic usage in some languages (e.g. Yucatec or Lao) suggests that demonstrative systems may respond to multidimensional search spaces that include not only spatial but also embodied, perceptual and social access to referents. On the basis of observational data from Phola, a Tibeto-Burman language of Southwest China, the present article contributes to these research endeavours by explicitly exploring how speaker and addressee demonstratives may independently respond to both spatial and sociocognitive modes of access to a referent. Advancing the notion of spheres of interest as a descriptive heuristics to capture this fluidity, it is shown how deictic choice not only passively reflects aspects of context but also actively projects intersubjective appraisals and expectations onto material and social reality.

Open Access 13. Juni 2023

Uncovering minoritized voices: The linguistic landscape of Mieres, Asturies

Alba Arias Álvarez, Sheryl Bernardo-Hinesley

Artikelnummer: 20220237

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Abstract

Recent sociolinguistic studies have emphasized the role of the linguistic landscape (LL) in relation to languages and identity negotiation. The present study examines the presence of Asturian, a minoritized language spoken in the Principality of Asturies, in the LL of a town located in the center of Asturies: Mieres. Through qualitative analyses, data illustrate that Asturian has visibility not only on top-down signage but also on bottom-up. Furthermore, findings reveal that the use of this language, as well as semiotic resources that convey the Asturian identity in the Mieres signage, portray the struggles and fragility of the Asturian minoritized linguistic group within this locality. This study illustrates the importance of comprehensive implementation of language protection policies in relation to the maintenance and revitalization of minoritized languages, as well as in the protection of a speech community’s linguistic rights.

Open Access 27. Juni 2023

“Multilingual islands in the monolingual sea”: Foreign languages in the South Korean linguistic landscape

Kapitolina Fedorova, Hye Hyun Nam

Artikelnummer: 20220238

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Abstract

The article aims at analyzing data on the South Korean linguistic landscape, with a focus on multilingual practices and different dimensions of language use, sets of norms, and ideological constructs underling particular linguistic choices. It is based on the analysis of a data set of over 800 digital photos of various signs and advertisements as well as necessary metadata gathered in 2018–2020 in four different urban contexts. The data, on the one hand, reflect recent changes favoring multilingualism; on the other hand, they demonstrate pragmatic inequality of other languages than Korean in public use. This inequality, however, is represented differently in certain spatial urban contexts; while commodified English tends to function as a substitution for other foreign languages and as an emblem of “foreignness,” agentivity of new ethnically diverse speakers creates “multilingual islands,” and that process can at some point challenge the dominance of monolingual ideology.

Open Access 15. Juli 2023

Changes and continuities in second person address pronoun usage in Bogotá Spanish

Víctor Fernández-Mallat, David Barrero

Artikelnummer: 20220241

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Abstract

In this article, we provide further evidence that Bogotá Spanish is transitioning from being an extensively usted- using variety into one in which tú is preferred in informal interaction by analyzing survey data through a quantitative approach, and metalinguistic commentary through a qualitative approach. Our data show that tú is mainly thought of as a productive way to convey proximity. At the same time, our data show that, despite this change in second person preference, usted and sumercé persist in familiar address, albeit at rates considerably lower than tú. Usted is particularly frequent among males in same-gender dyads because it allows them to avoid the possible connotations of effeminacy that tú may have in that specific context. Sumercé is frequently selected in addressing older relatives and individuals from the countryside because it is seen as being capable of conveying respect and affection simultaneously. Moreover, sumercé is seen as a sign of local identity capable of distinguishing Bogotá Spanish from other national varieties with vos, which is marginal in our data. Our findings are best seen through the proposal that address forms may gain specific meanings within their particular context of use, despite having more conventional meanings attached to them.

Open Access 15. Juli 2023

Valency patterns of manner of speaking verbs in Croatian

Ivana Brač, Matea Birtić

Artikelnummer: 20220236

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Abstract

Manner of speaking verbs denote the transfer of a message through speech, emphasizing the volume, intensity, comprehensibility, psychophysical condition of the speaker, and/or the impression that the speaker leaves on the hearer. In this article, verbs are semantically divided into four subclasses: 1. Verbs with emphasis on volume, 2. verbs of incomprehensible speaking, 3. verbs of meaningless speaking and complaining, and 4. verbs with emphasis on emotional component. Their syntactic peculiarities have been extensively researched in English, while no special attention has been paid to these verbs in Croatian. It is stated that in Croatian they are monovalent verbs. However, these verbs can be bivalent, and even trivalent. The recipient can be expressed by a dative complement within all four semantic subclasses. With the verbs of loud speaking and verbs with negative emotions, it can be expressed by a prepositional complement na ‘at’ + accusative and za ‘after’ + instrumental. The theme can be expressed by a quotation and a clausal complement, a prepositional complement o ‘about’ + locative, an accusative complement, sometimes a prepositional complement protiv ‘against’ + genitive, za ‘for’ + accusative, and with fewer verbs with prepositional phrases za ‘for’ + instrumental or nad ‘over’ + instrumental. Interestingly, there are certain restrictions for the complements’ combination within the same clause, which are described in more detail in the article.

Open Access 28. Juli 2023

The declarative–procedural knowledge of grammatical functions in higher education ESL contexts: Fiction and reality

Emad A. S. Abu-Ayyash, Doaa Hamam

Artikelnummer: 20220242

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Abstract

The present article purported to gain insights about English as a second language (ESL) learners’ knowledge of grammatical functions at the declarative and the procedural levels in the higher education context, and argued that the dialogue between the types of knowledge calls for more attention. The study utilised a Words-in-Sentences Test that was administered to 841 ESL students in seven colleges and universities in three Arab countries: United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Oman. The test was used to measure the participants’ declarative knowledge of grammatical functions. The participants’ test scores were then correlated with their essay writing scores to find if there is a significant correlation between the two, and thus gain insight into the relationship between the declarative knowledge and the procedural knowledge of grammatical functions. Finally, a qualitative analysis was conducted on nine essays to gain an in-depth understanding of this relationship. The findings indicated that the university participants’ declarative knowledge of grammatical functions was below the expected level and that there was a significant correlation between the learners’ test scores and writing scores. In addition, intriguing themes emerged from the qualitative analysis. Together, the findings are anticipated to spark more research on grammatical function knowledge among university students in ESL contexts.

Special Issue: Lexical constraints in grammar: Minority verb classes and restricted alternations, edited by Pegah Faghiri and Katherine Walker

Open Access 25. Januar 2023

Restrictions on past-tense passives in Late Modern Danish

Sune Gregersen

Artikelnummer: 20220196

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Abstract

This article investigates a case of lexical restrictions on a voice construction, specifically Danish past-tense passives. Present-Day Danish has both a periphrastic and an inflectional passive construction, but in the past tense, most ablaut (strong) verbs cannot form the inflectional passive (e.g. ∗ \ast skreves ‘was written’, ∗ \ast bares ‘was carried’). Various explanations for these restrictions have been proposed in the literature, but their historical background has not been investigated in any detail. This article focusses on the passive restrictions in Late Modern Danish, using various sources mainly from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is shown that while lexical restrictions on the past-tense s -passive are already mentioned in eighteenth and nineteenth-century grammars, the grammaticality of the individual forms has changed; for instance, the now obsolete form skreves ‘was written’ is attested in several Late Modern Danish sources. Furthermore, the primary sources differ greatly with respect to their use of the passive in the past tense. I suggest that sociolinguistic variables, such as level of education and formality of the texts, must be taken into account when trying to explain the development of the Danish passive, and that the lexical restrictions on past-tense s -passives may in fact be a side effect of standardization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Open Access 31. Januar 2023

Fluidity in argument indexing in Komnzo

Christian Döhler

Artikelnummer: 20220201

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Abstract

This article addresses the verb morphology of Komnzo, a language of Southern New Guinea. It provides a description of verb indexing in Section 1, which is followed by a corpus analysis of a small class of verbs. Komnzo verb morphology encodes transitivity by distinct alignment patterns in the verb morphology, which I call ‘verb templates.’ Templates encode participant constellation, e.g. transitive or ditransitive, as well as event structure, e.g. dynamic versus stative. The system allows for some fluidity as to which lexemes can be used in which template. In addition to the description, the main contribution of the article lies in an in-depth examination of the interaction between lexical semantics and the morphological structure in Komnzo. This article takes an empirical approach, which draws on evidence from a text corpus of over 12 h of natural speech and comprises more than 12,000 inflected verb forms.

Open Access 9. März 2023

Lexically driven patterns of contact in alignment systems of languages of the northern Upper Amazon

Rik van Gijn, Justin Case, Martine Bruil, Simon A. Claassen, Karolina Grzech, Nora Julmi

Artikelnummer: 20220224

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Abstract

Despite ample attention in the literature for alignment patterns and case frames more generally, we know very little about how these elements of grammar spread from one language to another in a contact situation. Achieving a better understanding of this will help explain areal patterns in alignment and grammatical relation marking. In this contribution, we zoom in on a contact situation in the foothills of North-West Amazon, where languages of the Quechuan and Tukanoan families are in contact, and where previous authors have suggested that grammatical relation marking shows many potential contact effects. We find that, despite the absence of loanwords, abstract lexico-grammatical information associated with individual lexical items may spread from one language to another, especially within the class of sensation predicates. These can be characterized as lexically driven diffusion patterns, without formal borrowing, consistent with an overall characterization of the area’s sociolinguistics as loanword-avoiding.

Open Access 7. Juli 2023

Tense-aspect conditioned agent marking in Kanakanavu, an Austronesian language of Taiwan

Yi-Yang Cheng

Artikelnummer: 20220234

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Abstract

This article examines two types of lexical effects in the voice system of Kanakanavu, an Austronesian language of Taiwan. The first concerns a well-attested phenomenon in the Austronesian literature: interactions between the semantic transitivity of verbs and their ability (or lack thereof) to undergo voice alternation. The second concerns a phenomenon that is typologically and areally rare in the western Austronesian context – differential agent marking. The pronominal agent in Kanakanavu’s patient-/undergoer-voice construction is differentially case-marked depending on the tense-aspect value of the clause. However, lexical effects are found in how the differentially marked agent is interpreted. When dynamic verbs are used, omitted agents in perfective clauses are interpreted as coreferential with a specific referent mentioned in prior discourse, but those in non-perfective clauses are interpreted as having generic reference, backgrounded, and/or not centrally involved in the situation expressed by the verb. When stative verbs are used, alternation between perfective and imperfective verb forms may have various effects on the interpretation of the agent. In some stative verbs, the agent is interpreted as a prototypical semantic agent in the perfective, but as a semantic experiencer in the imperfective. In other stative verbs, the perfective/non-perfective alternation has to do with whether a change of state is involved, without having any effects on agent interpretation. This study explores how lexical effects manifest across both elicited and natural discourse data. It also presents the phenomenon of differential agent marking in Kanakanavu as neither typical nor representative in the western Austronesian context.

Special Issue: Published in Cooperation with NatAcLang2021

Open Access 23. Mai 2023

Latinate terminology in Modern Greek: An “intruder” or an “asset”?

Panagiotis G. Krimpas

Artikelnummer: 20220233

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Abstract

This article discusses Latinate Modern Greek (MG) terminology in the light of language planning, language contact, transliteration, registers, and speakers’ attitudes. It starts by describing sociolinguistic aspects of MG with respect to borrowing and proceeds with case studies of Latinate MG terms and their Greek-based synonyms from various science, arts, social, and technical fields. Focusing on phonological, morphological, semantic, and terminological issues such as semantic intra- and inter-linguistic transparency and consistency in the light of the long-standing cultural ties between Greece and the West, an updated approach to the form and utility of MG Latinate terms is attempted, aiming at influencing eventual language planning in Greek-speaking areas.

Open Access 6. Juni 2023

Lithuanian academic discourse revisited: Features and patterns of scientific communication

Anna Ruskan, Helen Hint, Djuddah Arthur Joost Leijen, Jolanta Šinkūnienė

Artikelnummer: 20220231

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Abstract

Over the past several decades, there has been an increasing interest in academic discourse investigations with a specific focus on disciplinary, cultural, and generic aspects of academic text construction. Studies of Spanish, Italian, Greek, Portuguese, French, German, and Russian (inter alia) academic discourse have revealed not only the universal features characteristic of many writing cultures, but also unique rhetorical features, typical of only some of them. In this article, we focus on academic discourse investigations in scientific texts written in one of the lesser-studied languages, Lithuanian. We review here studies of Lithuanian scientific discourse and what those studies reveal about the specific features of Lithuanian academic discourse. The first part of the article identifies how rhetorical structures differ between English and Lithuanian academic texts, whereas the second part presents a comprehensive overview of the functional groups of linguistic units, such as metadiscourse markers, stance and engagement markers, and conceptual metaphors, and how these are different or similar to English academic discourse. The overview of the empirical studies shows the current state of knowledge about Lithuanian academic discourse and highlights some of the items that distinguish Lithuanian writing. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of identifying academic writing traditions of other languages to acknowledge diversity.

Open Access 13. Juni 2023

State and university tensions in Baltic higher education language policy

Kerttu Rozenvalde, Birute Klaas-Lang, Nemira Mačianskienė

Artikelnummer: 20220223

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Abstract

This article explores state and university language policy (LP) agents in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to illuminate their relationship and standpoints in higher education language management. Being interested in who stands for what and whose positions are legitimised, we study the higher education LPs of each state, language principles of universities, and public debates. We conceptualise active LP agents as people with power, people with expertise, people with influence, and people with interest, and consider them to exercise agency in five stages: policy initiation, involvement, influence, intervention, and implementation. By means of argumentation analysis we examine the nature of agents together with the standpoints they express. The findings reveal the central role of most of the nationally oriented state policymakers in university language management in all three settings. Other state policymakers, university administrators, staff, and students become active agents when they disagree with the policies. Agents in each setting share the overarching policy goal, but the main difference of opinion that arises among them is about agency: Should the state or universities implement higher education LPs? And is the state capable of achieving the common policy goal when it takes the task upon itself?

Open Access 11. September 2023

Japanese national university faculty publication: A time trend analysis

Nicole Gallagher, Theron Muller

Artikelnummer: 20220244

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Abstract

The dominance of English in academic discourses is well established, with increased English publication used to evidence its increasing use at the expense of national language publication. However, while English publication frequency has increased over time, few studies have examined how university faculties outside higher education’s Anglophone center have changed their language of publication frequency. Thus, in this investigation, we analyzed a Japanese national university’s medical faculty’s overall frequency of publication along with publication frequency by language medium, expanding on an earlier diachronic analysis of university publication reports. We previously found English language publications largely replaced Japanese language publications for journal articles and that overall publication frequency dramatically increased. However, that initial diachronic analysis did not show when those changes manifested. The current investigation explores this through a decennial time trend historical document analysis of publication reports from 1979 to 2020. This analysis elucidates how publication frequency, type, and language medium have changed. Specifically, we find that the largest change in the overall frequency of publication is between 1989–1990 and 1999–2000. These changes are primarily driven by conference papers and other publications, publication types not typically examined in analyses of journal citation databases. Our findings establish a foundation to discuss potential causes of the trends we identify in this Japanese national university’s medical faculty’s publications.

Special Issue: Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity in Language, edited by Külli Habicht, Tiit Hennoste, Helle Metslang, and Renate Pajusalu

Open Access 26. Juni 2023

Between rhetorical questions and information requests: A versatile interrogative clause in Estonian

Marri Amon

Artikelnummer: 20220235

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Abstract

This article investigates the pragmatic and functional aspects of an interrogative question pattern in Estonian: questions introduced by the adjective huvitav (‘interesting’). Despite appearances, this question is usually not used to elicit an answer in an information request. Instead, its uses vary from self-addressed to rhetorical questions, also allowing the addition of a biased (critical, ironical) positioning to the interrogation. It can be related to subjective as well as intersubjective dimensions of language use. Examples primarily from two corpora are discussed: fiction texts and their translations (Estonian–French) from the Estonian–French bilingual corpus; excerpts from the debates of the Estonian Parliament; and to a lesser extent, examples from conversations are also included in the analysis. Like similar devices described in other languages ( vajon in Hungarian, oare in Romanian), this pattern is impossible to use in situations where a clearly competent addressee is in a position to answer the question directly and the speaker is aware of it; instead, it is especially for cases where, for different reasons, the competence of the addressee is not questioned or challenged directly: asking tentative questions, using rhetorically designed questions to convey critics, or other biased meanings.

Open Access 14. Juli 2023

Excursive questions

Tue Trinh, Itai Bassi

Artikelnummer: 20220232

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Abstract

We present novel observations about types of questions which occur quite frequently in natural discourse but which have so far remained unanalyzed. These are questions about a question act. We then propose an account which derives the observations. Our account relies crucially on the assumption that speech acts are grammatically represented.

Open Access 15. Juli 2023

Attitude dative (dativus ethicus) as an interpersonal pragmatic marker in Latvian

Andra Kalnača, Ilze Lokmane

Artikelnummer: 20220240

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Abstract

Among varied syntactic and semantic functions of the dative case in Latvian, the attitude dative or dativus ethicus is a less studied one. As an optional pronominal clitic, it serves two broad functions: first, it expresses the speaker’s authority and affectedness of the speaker or the addressee in a speech-act situation, and second, it expresses the speaker’s stance towards the contents of the utterance. In terms of register, the attitude dative normally occurs in informal interaction. The current study examines three basic types of attitude datives in Latvian and their functions in different syntactic constructions and speech acts. The examples are extracted from corpora as well as Latvian fiction and everyday speech. It follows from the examples that the attitude dative has different meanings in certain speech acts and syntactic constructions. The attitude dative is used in giving orders, expressing prohibition and threats, as well as showing disagreement, disappointment, and regret. The study suggests that the attitude dative tends to be used in lexicalized syntactic constructions (set expressions) including specific lexemes and grammatical forms, and its functions are emphasized with particles.

Open Access 19. Juli 2023

Irrealis-marked interrogatives as rhetorical questions

Colin Brown

Artikelnummer: 20220239

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Abstract

I describe and compare two strategies to form rhetorical questions (RQs) in Sm’algyax (Tsimshianic). I show that one kind is isomorphic to ordinary, information-seeking questions, and is compatible with positive and negative answers, while the second is marked with irrealis morphology and only allows negative answers. I provide evidence from answerability and embedding to suggest that both types of RQs in Sm’algyax behave like questions in terms of their syntax/semantics, and propose that the irrealis subordinator present in the second type signals to the addressee that a negative answer is expected. These findings have implications for the presence of irrealis and subjunctive morphology appearing in RQs crosslinguistically.

Journal Impact Factor	0.8	2022, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	0.8	2022, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.41	2022, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)
CiteScore	1.6	2022, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2023)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.280	2022, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2023; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.930	2022, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2023; Data Source: Scopus)
Index Copernicus Value	122.04

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Open Linguistics encourages the submission of substantial full-length bodies of work. There are no specific length restrictions for the overall manuscript or individual sections; however, we urge the authors to present and discuss their findings in a concise and accessible manner.

Manuscripts should be submitted to the journal via online submission system Editorial Manager available for this journal at https://www.editorialmanager.com/opli/default.aspx. In case of problems, please contact the Editorial Office of this journal at AssistantManagingEditor@degruyter.com.

SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

Text files can be submitted in the following formats: MS Word - standard DOCUMENT (.DOC) or RICH TEXT FORMAT (.RTF) or OPEN DOCUMENT FORMAT (.ODT) or LaTeX. For an initial submission, the authors are strongly advised to upload their entire manuscript, including tables and figures, as a single PDF file.

For detailed information, please see Instructions for Authors.

EDITORIAL POLICY

Unpublished material: Submission of a manuscript implies that the work described is not copyrighted, published or submitted elsewhere, except in abstract form. The corresponding author should ensure that all authors approve the manuscript before its submission.
Ethical conduct of research: The authors must describe and confirm safeguards to meet ethical standards when applicable. See Editorial Policy for details.
Conflict of interest: When authors submit a manuscript, they are responsible for recognizing and disclosing financial and/or other conflicts of interest that might bias their work and/or could inappropriately influence his/her judgment. If no specified acknowledgement is given, the Editors assume that no conflict of interest exists.
Copyright: All authors retain copyright, unless – due to their local circumstances – their work is not copyrighted. The copyrights are governed by the Creative-Commons Attribution Only license (CC-BY) which is compliant with Plan-S. We may also publish a paper under CC-BY-NC-ND license on author's request. The corresponding author grants the journal the license to use of the article, by signing the License To Publish. Scanned copy of license should be sent to the journal, as soon as possible.
Authorship: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
Peer Review process: Our standard policy requires each paper to be reviewed by at least two Referees and the peer-review process is single-blind. The Editors reserve the right to decline the submitted manuscript without review, if the studies reported are not sufficiently novel or important to merit publication in the journal. Manuscripts deemed unsuitable (insufficient originality or of limited interest to the target audience) are returned to the author(s) without review. The Editor seeks advice from experts in the appropriate field. Research articles and communications are refereed by a minimum of two reviewers, review papers by at least three. Authors are requested to suggest persons competent to review their manuscript. However, please note that this will be treated only as a suggestion, and the final selection of reviewers is exclusively the Editor's decision. The final decision of acceptance in made by Managing Editor or, in case of conflict, by the Editor-in-Chief.
Scientific Misconduct: This journal publishes only original manuscripts that are not also published or going to be published elsewhere. Multiple submissions/publications, or redundant publications (re-packaging in different words of data already published by the same authors) will be rejected. If they are detected only after publication, the journal reserves the right to publish a Retraction Note. In each particular case Editors will follow COPE’s Core Practices and implement the advices.

Editorial

Managing Editor
Katarzyna Michalak

Editorial Advisory Board
Willem Adelaar, Leiden University, Netherlands
Keith Allan, Monash University, Australia
Albert Bastardas-Boada, University of Barcelona, Spain
Teresa Cadierno, University of Southern Denmark. Denmark
Guy Cook, King's College London, UK
George van Driem, University of Bern, Switzerland
Anna V. Dybo, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Elisabeth Engberg-Pedersen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Nicholas Evans, Australian National University, Australia
William Foley, The University of Sydney, Australia
Alexandre François, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
Dafydd Gibbon, Bielefeld University, Germany
Perry Gilmore, University of Arizona, USA
Rachel Giora, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Federica Guerini, University of Bergamo, Italy
John A. Hawkins, University of California Davis, USA
Bernd Heine, University of Cologne, Germany
Jack Hoeksema, University of Groeningen, Netherlands
Hans Ladegaard, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Randy LaPolla, National Technological University, Singapore
Anatoly Liberman, University of Minnesota, USA
Ceil Lucas, Gallaudet University, USA
Frederick J. Newmeyer, University of Washington, USA
Klaus-Uwe Panther, Nanjing Normal University, China/ University of Hamburg, Germany
Andrew Pawley, Australian National University, Australia
Ian Roberts, University of Cambridge, UK
Hans-Jörg Schmid, Munich University, Germany
Magda Stroinska, McMaster University, Canada
Mark Turner, Case Western Reserve University, USA
Søren Wichmann, Leiden University, Netherlands
Donald Winford, Ohio State University, USA
Edward Vajda, Western Washington University, USA
Alexander Vovin, L'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France
Ghil'ad Zuckermann, The University of Adelaide, Australia

Section Editors
Asier Alcázar, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
Carla Amorós Negre, University of Salamanca, Spain
Julia Bacskai-Atkari, University of Potsdam, Germany
Michael Barrie, Sogang University, South Korea
Angélica Carlet, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Qizhong Chang, National Institute of Education, Singapore
Brendan Costello, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Spain
Daniel Dejica, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Rania Habib, Syracuse University, USA
Feng-fan Hsieh, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
Mimi Huang, Northumbria University, United Kingdom
Katarzyna Klessa, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
Elena ‘Helen’ Koulidobrova, Central Connecticut State University, USA
Alex Ho-Cheong Leung, Northumbria University, UK
Giulia Magazzù, G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Giuliano Mion, University of Cagliari, Italy
Seyyed-Abdolhamid Mirhosseini, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
Hella Olbertz, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Loredana Pungă, West University of Timişoara, Romania
Barry Lee Reynolds, University of Macau, Macau
Cinzia Russi, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Giuseppina Scotto Di Carlo, Naples Eastern University, Italy
Mario Serrano-Losada, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Mitsuaki Shimojo, University at Buffalo / The State University of New York, USA
Paul Sidwell, Sydney University, Australia
Anna Siyanova, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Beyza Sümer, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands
Jozsef Szakos, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
Bilyana Todorova, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Bulgaria
Gianmarco Vignozzi, University of Pisa, Italy
Titela Vîlceanu, University of Craiova, Romania
Mariarosaria Zinzi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy

Publisher
DE GRUYTER Poland
Bogumiła Zuga 32A Str.
01-811 Warsaw, Poland
T: +48 22 701 50 15

Assistant Managing Editor
Kumaran Rengaswamy
AssistantManagingEditor@degruyter.com

(English)

Typ: Zeitschrift
Sprache: Englisch
Verlag: De Gruyter Open Access
Erstveröffentlichung: 1. September 2014
Erscheinungsweise: 1 Heft pro Jahr
Zielgruppe: Researchers in the field of linguistics