Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access

Volume 7 Issue 4

December 2009

Issue of Open Physics

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Journal Overview

Open Access July 21, 2009

Techniques of aligning carbon nanotubes

Konstantin Iakoubovskii

Page range: 645-653

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Abstract

This paper reviews major techniques of aligning carbon nanotubes, either during the growth or by the post-growth processing. A number of post-processing alignment techniques are discussed, which employ mechanical stretching, fracture, compression, friction, filtration, fiber drawing, gas flow, liquid crystals, Langmuir-Blodgett technique, acoustic, magnetic and electric fields. The suitability of those techniques to industrial applications is analyzed.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Superconductivity in covalent semiconductors

Konstantin Iakoubovskii

Page range: 654-662

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Abstract

This review covers recent advances in superconductivity of diamond, Si, SiC, group III–V and II–IV semiconductors, metal-intercalated graphite and fullerites. The results are critically analyzed and prospects are given for future research directions. In particular, it is argued that the highest transition temperatures of ∼9 K in diamond and 11.5 K in CaC6 can further be enhanced and that no reliable evidence exists yet for superconductivity in III-V semiconductors.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Vibrational spectra of two BEDT-TTF-based organic conductors: charge order

Andrzej Graja, Iwona Olejniczak, Bolesław Barszcz, John Schlueter

Page range: 663-667

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Abstract

Infrared and Raman investigations of two phases of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) based organic conductors with the same CF3CF2SO3− anion: β′-(BEDT-TTF)2CF3CF2SO3 and δ′-(BEDT-TTF)2CF3CF2SO3, are shortly reviewed and compared with the most typical infrared properties of the family of (BEDT-TTF)2RR′SO3 organic conductors, where R = SF5, CF3, and R′ are CH2, CF2, CHF, CHFCF2, and CH2CF2. The role of the molecular structur and spatial organization of the counterions is discussed.

Open Access July 21, 2009

“Mass inflation” with lightlike branes

Eduardo Guendelman, Alexander Kaganovich, Emil Nissimov, Svetlana Pacheva

Page range: 668-676

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Abstract

We discuss properties of a new class of p-brane models, describing intrinsically lightlike branes for any world-volume dimension, in various gravitational backgrounds of interest in the context of black hole physics. One of the characteristic features of these lightlike p-branes is that the brane tension appears as an additional nontrivial dynamical world-volume degree of freedom. Codimension one lightlike brane dynamics requires that bulk space with a bulk metric of spherically symmetric type must possess an event horizon which is automatically occupied by the lightlike brane while its tension evolves exponentially with time. The latter phenomenon is an analog of the well known “mass inflation” effect in black holes.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Lagrangian relative equilibria for a gyrostat in the three-body problem

Juan López

Page range: 677-689

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Abstract

In this paper we consider the noncanonical Hamiltonian dynamics of a gyrostat in the three-body problem. By means of geometric mechanics methods, we study the approximate Poisson dynamics that arise when we develop the potential of the system in Legendre series and truncate this to an arbitrary order k. After reduction of the dynamics by means of the two symmetries of the system, we consider the existence and number of equilibria which we denominate of Lagrangian type, in analogy with classic results on the topic. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for their existence in an approximate dynamics of order k, and explicit expressions for these equilibria are given, this being useful for the subsequent study of their stability. The number of Lagrangian equilibria is thoroughly studied in approximate dynamics of orders zero and one. The main result of this work indicates that the number of Lagrangian equilibria in an approximate dynamics of order k for k ≥1 is independent of the order of truncation of the potential, if the gyrostat S 0 is almost spherical. In relation to the stability of these equilibria, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for linear stability of Lagrangian equilibria when the gyrostat is almost spherical. In this way, we generalize the classical results on equilibria of the three-body problem and many results provided by other authors using more classical techniques for the case of rigid bodies.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Natural brane-confinement from massive Z 2-spontaneously broken Kaluza-Klein excitations in the bulk

Marina Dariescu, Ciprian Dariescu, Carlos Romero

Page range: 690-695

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Abstract

For a real scalar field minimally coupled to bulk gravity, in five dimensions, we analytically solve the Gordon equation, near one of the degenerated vacua of an effective potential with a spontaneously broken Z 2-symmetry. Dealing with the back-reaction from the excited massive modes on the whole scale function, we are pointing out that the lighter excitations of the scalar in the bulk turn more and more the warp function into the one of a partition on the confined brane.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Long time properties of the evolution of an unstable state

Krzysztof Urbanowski

Page range: 696-703

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Abstract

An effect generated by the nonexponential behavior of the survival amplitude of an unstable state in the long time region is considered. In 1957 Khalfin proved that this amplitude tends to zero as t → ∞ more slowly than any exponential function of t. This can be described in terms of the time-dependent decay rate γ(t) which, when considered with the Khalfin result, means that this γ(t) is not a constant for large t but that it tends to zero as t → ∞. We find that a similar conclusion can be drawn for a large class of models of unstable states for a quantity, which can be interpreted as the “instantaneous energy” of the unstable state. This energy should be much smaller for suitably larger values of t than when t is of the order of the lifetime of the considered state. Within a given model we show that the energy corrections in the long (t → ∞) and relatively short (lifetime of the state) time regions, are different. This is a purely quantum mechanical effect. It is hypothesized that there is a possibility to detect this effect by analyzing the spectra of distant astrophysical objects. The above property of unstable states may influence the measured values of astrophysical and cosmological parameters.

Open Access July 21, 2009

A quasiclassical approach to strongly correlated quantum dots

Algirdas Matulis, Denis Jarema, Egidijus Anisimovas

Page range: 704-710

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Abstract

The adiabatic approximation and reaction-coordinate method is applied to the quasiclassical description of nanostructures. In a two-electron model quantum dot, the Schrödinger equation is solved in the vicinity of the transition path connecting two equivalent potential-energy minima. The obtained results demonstrate the formation of a Wigner crystallite.

Open Access July 21, 2009

The Yang-Mills fields — from the gauge theory to the mechanical model

Radu Constantinescu, Carmen Ionescu

Page range: 711-720

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Abstract

The paper presents some mechanical models of gauge theories, i.e. gauge fields transposed in a space with a finite number of degree of freedom. The main focus is on how a global symmetry as the BRST one could be transferred in this context. The mechanical Yang-Mills model modified by taking the ghost type variables into account will be considered as an example of nonlinear dynamical systems.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Dielectric response of metallic crystal made up of highly polarisable molecules: the semi-classical approach

Željana Bonačić Lošić, Paško Županović

Page range: 721-730

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Abstract

The dielectric response is considered within models of a one-band metal, a two-band insulator and a two-band metal using the semi-classical approximation. Corresponding dielectric functions are found. The dielectric function of two-band metal is found to be the interpolation between the Sellmeyer and Lorenz-Lorentz expressions, respectively. The frequencies of the collective modes are identified as the zeroes of the dielectric functions. The correspondence between the semi-classical approach used in this paper and the many-body calculation within the random-phase approximation is established.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Fine structure of the dipole excitations of the even-even 160Gd nucleus in the spectroscopic region

Filiz Ertuğral, Ekber Guliyev, Ali Kuliev, Zemine Yildirim

Page range: 731-737

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Abstract

In this study, the result of calculations using rotational, translational and Galilean invariant quasiparticle random-phase approximation is presented for the low-lying dipole excitations in the even-even 160Gd nucleus. Calculations are carried out for both ΔK=1 and ΔK=0 branches. The analysis shows that the main part of spin-1 states, observed at energy 2.4–4 MeV in 160Gd, have M1 character and are interpreted as main fragments of the scissors mode. The calculations indicate the presence of a few prominent negativeparity dipole ΔK=1 states in the investigated energy region, in agreement with experiment.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Relation between chaos probability and zero-point number of the Melnikov function for a Bose-Einstein condensate

Qianquan Zhu, Wenhua Hai, Shiguang Rong

Page range: 738-746

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Abstract

We investigate an attractive Bose-Einstein condensate perturbed by a weak traveling optical superlattice. It is demonstrated that under a stochastic initial set and in a given parameter region solitonic chaos appears with a certain probability that is tightly related to the zero-point number of the Melnikov function; the latter depends on the potential parameters. Effects of the lattice depths and wave vectors on the chaos probability are studied analytically and numerically, and different chaotic regions of the parameter space are found. The results suggest a feasible method for strengthening or weakening chaos by modulating the potential parameters experimentally.

Open Access July 21, 2009

The asymptotic iteration method applied to certain quasinormal modes and non Hermitian systems

Okan Özer, Pinaki Roy

Page range: 747-752

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Abstract

We study the Schrödinger equation with potentials admitting quasinormal modes using the asymptotic iteration method (AIM). We also study non-Hermitian PT symmetric potentials using AIM. The spectra, in all cases, are found to be in excellent agreement with exact results.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Structural, electronic and elastic properties of Ti2TlC, Zr2TlC and Hf2TlC

Abdelmadjid Bouhemadou

Page range: 753-761

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Abstract

Using First-principle calculations, we have studied the structural, electronic and elastic properties of M2TlC, with M = Ti, Zr and Hf. Geometrical optimization of the unit cell is in good agreement with the available experimental data. The effect of high pressures, up to 20 GPa, on the lattice constants shows that the contractions are higher along the c-axis than along the a axis. We have observed a quadratic dependence of the lattice parameters versus the applied pressure. The band structures show that all three materials are electrical conductors. The analysis of the site and momentum projected densities shows that bonding is due to M d-C p and M d-Tl p hybridizations. The M d-C p bonds are lower in energy and stiffer than M d-Tl p bonds. The elastic constants are calculated using the static finite strain technique. We derived the bulk and shear moduli, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio for ideal polycrystalline M2TlC aggregates. We estimated the Debye temperature of M2TlC from the average sound velocity. This is the first quantitative theoretical prediction of the elastic properties of Ti2TlC, Zr2TlC, and Hf2TlC compounds that requires experimental confirmation.

Open Access July 21, 2009

DFT study on electronic structures and optical absorption properties of C, S cation- doped SrTiO3

Jiawen Liu, Lu Wang, Jihong Liu, Tianchi Wang, Weili Qu, Zhonghua Li

Page range: 762-767

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Abstract

The effects of C cation and S cation doping on the electronic structures and optical properties of SrTiO3 are investigated by density function theory (DFT) calculations. The calculated results reveal that the top of the valence band is predominately made up of the O 2p states for the pure SrTiO3. When SrTiO3 was doped with C cation and S cation, the top of the valence bands consists mainly of O 2p+C 2s hybrid orbitals and O 2p+S 3s hybrid orbitals, respectively. The band gap of SrTiO3 is narrowed by the doping with C cation and S cation, especially for the C and S-codoped SrTiO3. Moreover, the red shifts of the absorption edge are found by the calculated optical properties, which is consistent with reported experiment results. It is the explanation for their visible light respondency by the presence of C 2s and S 3s states on the upper edge of the valence band. All of these results can explain the good photocatalytic properties of C, S cation-codoped SrTiO3 under visible light irradiation.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Pseudospin symmetry and a double ring-shaped spherical harmonic oscillator potential

Min-Cang Zhang

Page range: 768-773

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Abstract

A new double ring-shaped spherical harmonic oscillator potential is presented. The pseudospin symmetry in this system is investigated by solving the Dirac equation with equal mixture of scalar and vector potentials with opposite signs. The normalized spinor wave function and energy equation are obtained and some particular cases are discussed.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Coherent states for Smorodinsky-Winternitz potentials

Nuri Ünal

Page range: 774-785

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Abstract

In this study, we construct the coherent states for a particle in the Smorodinsky-Winternitz potentials, which are the generalizations of the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator problem. In the first case, we find the non-spreading wave packets by transforming the system into four oscillators in Cartesian, and also polar, coordinates. In the second case, the coherent states are constructed in Cartesian coordinates by transforming the system into three non-isotropic harmonic oscillators. All of these states evolve in physical-time. We also show that in parametric-time, the second case can be transformed to the first one with vanishing eigenvalues.

Open Access July 21, 2009

First principles study of electronic and optical properties of InAs

Zhenbao Feng, Haiquan Hu, Shouxin Cui, Wenjun Wang, Canyun Lu

Page range: 786-790

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Abstract

The electronic and optical properties of InAs in core-level spectra are calculated using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitials (FP-LAPW +lo) method. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function ε(ω), the optical absorption coefficient I(ω), the reflectivity R(ω), the refractive index n(ω), and the extinction coefficient k(ω)are calculated. All these values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of spin-orbit coupling on optical properties is also investigated and found to be quite small.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Analytical approximate solutions for two-dimensional viscous flow through expanding or contracting gaps with permeable walls

Saeed Dinarvand, Mohammad Rashidi, Ahmad Doosthoseini

Page range: 791-799

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Abstract

In this paper, the problem of laminar, isothermal, incompressible and viscous flow in a rectangular domain bounded by two moving porous walls, which enable the fluid to enter or exit during successive expansions or contractions is solved analytically by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Graphical results are presented to investigate the influence of the nondimensional wall dilation rate α and permeation Reynolds number Re on the velocity, normal pressure distribution and wall shear stress. The obtained solutions, in comparison with the numerical solutions, demonstrate remarkable accuracy. The present problem for slowly expanding or contracting walls with weak permeability is a simple model for the transport of biological fluids through contracting or expanding vessels.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Combustion synthesis and luminescent properties of a blue-green emitting phosphor: (Ba1.95, Eu0.05)ZnSi2O7:B3+

Shan-shan Yao, Yuan-yuan Li, Li-hong Xue, Yan You, You-wei Yan

Page range: 800-805

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Abstract

A blue-green emitting phosphor (Ba1.95, Eu0.05)ZnSi2O7: Bx3+ was prepared by combustion synthesis and an efficient blue-green emission under near-ultraviolet was observed. The luminescence, crystallinity and particle sizes were investigated by using luminescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The emission spectrum shows a single band centered at 503 nm, which corresponds to the 4f 65d 1 →4f 7 transition of Eu2+. The excitation spectrum is a broad band extending from 260 to 465 nm, which matches the emission of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. The optical absorption spectra of the (Ba1.95, Eu0.05)ZnSi2O7: B0.063+ exhibited band-gap energies of 3.9 eV. The results showed that boric acid was effective in improving the luminescence intensity of (Ba1.95, Eu0.05)ZnSi2O7, and the optimum molar ratio of boric acid to zinc nitrate was about 0.06. The phosphor (Ba1.95, Eu0.05)ZnSi2O7: B0.063+ synthesized by combustion method showed 1.5 times improved emission intensity compared with that of the Ba1.95ZnSi2O7: Eu0.052+ phosphor under λex = 353 nm.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Interfacial wave propagation due to an interfacial line source

Zahid Qazi, Azhar Rizvi

Page range: 806-812

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Abstract

Interfacial wave propagation parallel to a dielectric interface has been studied by considering an electric current line source present at the interface. The first order asymptotic evaluation of field components shows a null of the electric field at the interface. An amplitude null represents an unstable structure in the phase map and a phase front discontinuity across the interface. Higher order asymptotic evaluation has been employed to gain further insight into this propagation problem. The results show that the wavefronts need not be discontinuous. The continuity of the phase fronts is preserved with the help of interesting and stable structures such as saddle points and center points in the phase map of the electric field in both half spaces.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Noise analysis of coaxial Schottky barrier carbon nanotube fets using non equilibrium Green’s function formalism

Iman Hassaninia, Rahim Ghayour, Habib Abiri, Mohammad Sheikhi

Page range: 813-820

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Abstract

The effect of noise on the performance of Schottky Barrier Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (SB-CNTFETs) has been investigated under various bias conditions. In order to calculate the noise power spectral density, the Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function formalism (NEGF) is used to obtain the transmission coefficient and the number of carriers inside the channel. Results are presented in two sections: In the first section the Hooge’s empirical rule is used to investigate the flicker noise properties of SB-CNTFETs with defects in the gate oxide region, while in the second section the thermal and shot noise properties of SB-CNTFETs are studied. Finally, the best bias points in the ON and OFF states have been suggested according to the total noise power spectral density and the device signal to noise ratio.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Inverse scattering method and soliton double solution family for string effective action

Ya-Jun Gao

Page range: 821-828

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Abstract

A so-called modified Hauser-Ernst-type extended double-complex linear system is established and used to develop a new inverse scattering method for solving the equations of motion of the string effective action describing the coupled gravity, dilaton and Kalb-Ramond fields. The reduction procedures in this inverse scattering method are found to be fairly simple, which makes the application of the inverse scattering method fine and effective. As an application, a concrete family of soliton double solutions for the considered theory is obtained.

Open Access July 21, 2009

Scattering of an arbitrarily oriented dipole field by an infinite and a finite length PEMC circular cylinder

Ahsan Illahi, Qaisar Naqvi

Page range: 829-853

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Abstract

Electromagnetic scattering from an infinite and a finite length PEMC circular cylinder, illuminated by an arbitrarily oriented dipole, is investigated theoretically. An electric dipole as a source of excitation is considered first, and then a magnetic dipole as a source of excitation is treated. In contrast to the case of an axially directed dipole, it is shown that no additional terms are needed to incorporate the cross-polarized component of the field for the case of radial and circumferential dipoles. Numerical verifications are presented to verify the validity of derived results and numerical code by comparing results with the published literature.

Open Access July 21, 2009

A hierarchy of Hamilton operators and entanglement

Willi-Hans Steeb, Yorick Hardy

Page range: 854-859

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Abstract

We consider a hierarchy of Hamilton operators Ĥ N in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces $$ \mathbb{C}^{2^N } $$. We show that the eigenstates of Ĥ N are fully entangled for N even. We also calculate the unitary operator U N(t) = exp(—Ĥ N t/ħ) for the time evolution and show that unentangled states can be transformed into entangled states using this operator. We also investigate energy level crossing for this hierarchy of Hamilton operators.

About this journal

Open Physics (PHYS) is a peer-reviewed, open access, electronic journal devoted to the publication of fundamental research results in all fields of physics. The journal provides the readers with free, instant, and permanent access to all content worldwide; and the authors with extensive promotion of published articles, long-time preservation, no space constraints and immediate publication.

Aims and Scope

The journal publishes research and review articles, rapid and short communications, comments and replies that cover the following areas of physical sciences:

Acoustics

Astrophysics,

Atomic and Molecular Physics,

Biological and Medical Physics,

Complex Networks, Socio- and Econophysics,

Computational Physics,

Condensed Matter Physics,

Cosmology and Gravitation,

Fluid Mechanics,

Geophysics,

Nanophysics,

Optics and Lasers,

Particle and Nuclear Physics,

Plasma Physics,

Statistical and Nonlinear Physics,

Surface Physics,

Theoretical and Mathematical Physics.