Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access

Volume 8 Issue 3

June 2010

Issue of Open Physics

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Journal Overview

Open Access April 24, 2010

Magnetism, entropy, and the first nano-machines

Gargi Mitra-Delmotte, Asoke Mitra

Page range: 259-272

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Abstract

The efficiency of bio-molecular motors stems from reversible interactions ∼ k B T; weak bonds stabilizing intermediate states (enabling direct conversion of chemical into mechanical energy). For their (unknown) origins, we suggest that a magnetically structured phase (MSP) formed via accretion of superparamagnetic particles (S-PPs) during serpentinization (including magnetite formation) of igneous rocks comprising the Hadean Ocean floor, had hosted motor-like diffusion of ligand-bound S-PPs through its ‘template’-layers. Ramifications range from optical activity to quantum coherence. A gentle flux gradient offers both detailed-balance breaking non-equilibrium and asymmetry to a magnetic dipole, undergoing infinitesimal spin-alignment changes. Periodic perturbation of this background by local H-fields of templatepartners can lead to periodic high and low-template affinity states, due to the dipole’s magnetic degree of freedom. An accompanying magnetocaloric effect allows interchange between system-entropy and bath temperature. We speculate on a magnetic reproducer in a setting close to the submarine hydrothermal mound-scenario of Russell and coworkers that could evolve bio-ratchets.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Double passage of electromagnetic waves through magnetized plasma: approximation of independent normal waves

Yury Kravtsov, Bohdan Bieg

Page range: 273-282

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Abstract

Polarization properties of electromagnetic waves, double-passed through magnetized plasma, are studied. Analyses are performed in the case of non-interacting normal modes, propagating in homogeneous and weakly inhomogeneous plasmas, and for three kinds of reflectors: metallic plane, 2D corner retro-reflector (2D-CR), and cubic corner retro-reflector (CCR). It is shown that an electromagnetic wave, reflected from a metallic plane and from a CCR, contains only “velocity-preserving” channels, whose phases are doubled in comparison with those of a single-passage propagation. At the same time, an electromagnetic wave reflected from a 2D-CR is shown to contain both “velocity-preserving” and “velocity-converting” channels, the latter converting the fast wave into the slow one and vice-versa. One characteristic feature of “velocity-converting” channels is that they reproduce the initial polarization state near the source, which might be of practical interest for plasma interferometry. In the case of circularly polarized modes, “velocity-preserving” channels completely disappear, and only “velocity-converting” channels are to be found.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Collective mode dispersions of organic chain compounds

Željana Lošić, Paško Županović

Page range: 283-288

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Abstract

We investigate the collective mode dispersions for the tight-binding dielectric matrix with two one-dimensional electron bands per donor and acceptor chains, and the three-dimensional long-range Coulomb electron-electron interaction within the random phase approximation. The hybridized collective modes are the result of the strong coupling between the intraband plasmon and the interband dipolar modes due to strong dipole Coulomb interactions. Our calculations show the existence of the low-energy renormalized plasmon mode above the electron-hole quasi-continuum in the long wavelength limit. The obtained modes are brought into correspondence with the optical data of quasi-one-dimensional organic conductor tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ). Namely, the renormalized plasmon and the dipolar mode are assigned to the observed excitations at respective energy scales of roughly 10 meV and 0.75 eV, explaining why lower excitation is eliminated while higher excitation persists below the temperature of the Peierls phase transition.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Quantum counterparts of three-dimensional real Lie algebras over harmonic oscillator

Eugen Paal, Jüri Virkepu

Page range: 289-295

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Abstract

Operadic Lax representations for the harmonic oscillator are used to construct the quantum counterparts of three-dimensional (3D) real Lie algebras in Bianchi classification. The Jacobi operators of the quantum algebras are found.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Anisotropic evolution of a D-brane

Paweł Gusin

Page range: 296-303

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Abstract

The evolution of a probe D-brane in the p-brane background is considered. The anisotropic evolution of the world-volume of the D-brane with a given topology of a world-volume in the form of a direct product of a n-dimensional flat space and (3 − n)-dimensional sphere is formulated. In this case the anisotropy is described with the aid of two parameters (Hubble parameters) The special case of this evolution, namely the isotropic evolution corresponds to equality of these two parameters. In the latter case the masses and charges of the background p-branes are obtained.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Mechanically changed band gap of single walled carbon nanotube: a third neighbor tight-binding approach

Mehdi Pakkhesal, Rahim Ghayour

Page range: 304-311

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Abstract

Analytical derivation of electronic band gap of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) under a small percent of uniaxial and torsional strains is in this paper. Our approach is based on a kind of π-Tight Binding (π-TB) approximation which includes interactions of the second and the third neighbors of each carbon atom in addition to the nearest ones. Implementing the approach of this paper, yields more precise results than those of other researches.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Near-field scanning optical microscopy local luminescence studies of rhodamine dye

Petr Klapetek, Juraj Bujdák, Jiří Buršík

Page range: 312-317

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Abstract

This article presents results of near-field scanning optical microscope measurement of local luminescence of rhodamine 3B intercalated in montmorillonite samples. We focus on how local topography affects both the excitation and luminescence signals and resulting optical artifacts. The Finite Difference in Time Domain method (FDTD) is used to model the electromagnetic field distribution of the full tip-sample geometry including far-field radiation. Even complex problems like localized luminescence can be simulated computationally using FDTD and these simulations can be used to separate the luminescence signal from topographic artifacts.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Spectroscopic observation of helium-ion- and hydrogen-catalyzed hydrino transitions

Randell Mills, Ying Lu, Kamran Akhtar

Page range: 318-339

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Abstract

Four predictions of Mills’ Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (GUTCP) regarding atomic hydrogen undergoing a catalytic reaction with certain atomized elements and ions which resonantly, nonradiatively accept integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, m · 27.2 eV wherein m is an integer, have been confirmed experimentally. Specifically, a catalyst comprises a chemical or physical process with an enthalpy change equal to an integer multiple m of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, 27.2 eV. For He+ m = 2, due to its ionization reaction to He2+, and two H atoms formed from H2 by collision with a third, hot H can also act as a catalyst with m = 2 for this third H. The product is H(1/p), fractional Rydberg states of atomic hydrogen called “hydrino atoms” wherein n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, …, 1/p(p≤137 is an integer) replaces the well-known parameter n = integer in the Rydberg equation for hydrogen excited states. The predictions for the hydrino reaction of (1) pumping of the catalyst excited states, (2) characteristic EUV continuum radiation, (3) fast H, and (4) hydrino products were observed in multiple catalyst-hydrogen plasma systems.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Spectral theory of discrete processes

Palle Jorgensen, Myung-Sin Song

Page range: 340-363

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Abstract

We offer a spectral analysis for a class of transfer operators. These transfer operators arise for a wide range of stochastic processes, ranging from random walks on infinite graphs to the processes that govern signals and recursive wavelet algorithms; even spectral theory for fractal measures. In each case, there is an associated class of harmonic functions which we study. And in addition, we study three questions in depth In specific applications, and for a specific stochastic process, how do we realize the transfer operator T as an operator in a suitable Hilbert space? And how to spectral analyze T once the right Hilbert space H has been selected? Finally we characterize the stochastic processes that are governed by a single transfer operator. In our applications, the particular stochastic process will live on an infinite path-space which is realized in turn on a state space S. In the case of random walk on graphs G, S will be the set of vertices of G. The Hilbert space H on which the transfer operator T acts will then be an L 2 space on S, or a Hilbert space defined from an energy-quadratic form. This circle of problems is both interesting and non-trivial as it turns out that T may often be an unbounded linear operator in H; but even if it is bounded, it is a non-normal operator, so its spectral theory is not amenable to an analysis with the use of von Neumann’s spectral theorem. While we offer a number of applications, we believe that our spectral analysis will have intrinsic interest for the theory of operators in Hilbert space.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Theoretical construction of stable traversable wormholes

Peter Kuhfittig

Page range: 364-368

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Abstract

It is shown in this paper that it is possible, at least in principle, to construct a traversable wormhole that is stable to linearized radial perturbations by specifying relatively simple conditions on the shape and redshift functions.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Separability criteria via wavelet transform on homogenous spaces and projective representations

Mahdi Karamati, Mohammad Rezapour

Page range: 369-377

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Abstract

The intimate connection between the Banach space wavelet reconstruction method for each unitary representation of a given group and homogenous space, and the quantum entanglement description using group theory were both studied in our previous articles. Here, we present a universal description of quantum entanglement using group theory and non-commutative characteristic functions for homogenous space and projective representation of compact groups on Banach spaces for some well known examples, such as: Moyal representation for a spin; Dihedral and Permutation groups.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Colored scalar in a chromomagnetic field

Shemsettin Turkoz, Shahin Mamedov, Abbas Ciftci

Page range: 378-385

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Abstract

The motion of colored scalar particles in a constant color magnetic field is considered. The Klein-Gordon equation is solved in this background and the energy spectrum is quantized by boundary conditions. The unitary transformation diagonalizing this equation and the states with definite energy are found.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Cardiopulmonary resonance at 0.1 Hz demonstrated by averaged Lomb-Scargle periodogram

Jarosław Piskorski, Przemysław Guzik, Tomasz Krauze, Sebastian Żurek

Page range: 386-392

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Abstract

We demonstrate the resonant-like behaviour of the cardiopulmonary system in healthy people occurring at the natural low frequency oscillations of 0.1 Hz, which are often visible in the continuous pressure waveform. These oscillations represent the spontaneous oscillatory activity of the vasomotor centre and are sometimes called the Mayer waves. These 10-second rhythms probably couple with forced breathing at the same frequency and cause the observed cardiopulmonary resonance phenomenon. We develop a new method to study this phenomenon, namely the averaged Lomb-Scargle periodogram method, which is shown to be very effective in enhancing common frequencies in a group of different time series and suppressing those which vary between datasets. Using this method we show that in cardiopulmonary resonance the cardiopulmonary system behaves in a very similar way to a simple mechanical or electrical oscillator, i.e. becomes highly regular and its averaged spectrum exhibits a clear dominant peak and harmonics. If the forcing frequency is higher than 0.1 Hz, the total power and the share of power in the dominant peak and harmonics are lower and the prominence of the dominant peak and its harmonics greatly diminishes. It is shown that the power contributions from different forcing frequencies follow the resonance curve.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Scalar mesons in η′ → ηπ 0 π 0 decay

Sergey Donskov, Anatoly Likhoded, Alexey Luchinsky, Vladimir Samoylenko

Page range: 393-399

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Abstract

The decay η′ → ηπ 0 π 0 is studied in the framework of isobar model. It is shown, that good agreement with the experiment is achieved if α 0- and σ-meson contributions are taken into account. The contribution of α 0-meson is dominant, but σ-meson is necessary to reproduce the form of the Dalitz plot. Instead of the usual Breit-Wigner form of σ-meson propagator we use parametrization of the ππ-amplitude, which satisfies analyticity, crossing, unitarity and chirality constraints. This amplitude has a pole in the complex plane, which corresponds to σ-meson and describe experimental data on ππ-scattering in K e4 decay.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Plasma treatment studies of MIS devices

Deepak Basa

Page range: 400-407

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Abstract

Silicon nitride films have emerged as the possible future dielectrics for ultra large scale integration (ULSI). Because the interface state density of silicon nitride/silicon interface in metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) configuration is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of silicon dioxide/silicon interface, plasma treatment studies on silicon nitride films have been undertaken for the possible improvement. Accordingly, silicon nitride films of various composition have been prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system using silane(SiH4) and ammonia(NH3) with nitrogen(N2) as the diluent and MIS devices have been fabricated with as well as without plasma treated silicon nitride as the insulator. A considerable improvement in the silicon nitride/silicon interface is observed on ammonia plasma treatment while nitrous oxide(N2O) plasma treatment studies have resulted in the establishment of a novel plasma oxidation process.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation in Robertson-Walker space-time

Mokhtar Falek, Mahmoud Merad

Page range: 408-414

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Abstract

The (1+1)-dimensional Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP) equation (for spin 0 and 1) in the Robertson-Walker Space-time is solved. The exact solution is then determined for both cases. As an application, the rate of the created particles in the presence of gravity is calculated via the Bogoliubov transformations technique.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Goos-Hänchen shift from an anisotropic metamaterial slab

Guan-Xia Yu, Yun-Tuan Fang, Tie Cui

Page range: 415-421

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Abstract

We have theoretically and numerically investigated the Goos-Hänchen shift (the lateral shift) from the anisotropic metamaterial slab. The sign and degree of the shift can be determined by the choices of the electromagnetic parameters and thicknesses of slab, which is different from the case of the isotropic media. We also find that the weak lossy may produce large positive or negative lateral shift.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Effects of Hall current on unsteady MHD flows of a second grade fluid

Masud Ahmad, Haider Zaman, Naila Rehman

Page range: 422-431

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Abstract

The aim of this present paper is to construct exact solutions corresponding to the motion of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid in the presence of Hall current, due to cosine and sine oscillations of a rigid plate as well as those induced by an oscillating pressure gradient. A uniform magnetic field is applied transversely to the flow. By using Fourier sine transform steady state and transient solutions are presented. These solutions satisfy the governing equations and all associated initial and boundary conditions. The results for a hydrodynamic second grade fluid can be obtained as a limiting case when B 0 → 0 and for a Newtonian fluid when α 1 → 0.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Electronic structure of Ti-doped Sr4Sc2Fe2As2O6 as a possible parent phase for the new FeAs superconductors

Igor Shein, Alexander Ivanovskii

Page range: 432-437

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Abstract

First principle FLAPW-GGA calculations have been performed with the purpose to understand the effect of Ti-doping on the electronic properties for the newly discovered tetragonal iron arsenide-oxide Sr4Sc2Fe2As2O6 (abbreviated as FeAs42226) as the possible parent phase for the new FeAs superconductors. Our results show that the insertion of Ti into Sc sublattice of this five-component iron arsenide-oxide phase leads to the resolute change of electronic structure of FeAs42226. Namely, the insulating oxygen-containing [Sr4Sc2O6] blocks in Ti-doped FeAs42226 became conducting, and this differs essentially from the known picture for all others FeAs superconductors where the conducting [Fe2As2] blocks are alternated with insulating blocks. Moreover in sharp contrast with FeAs-based superconductors with Fe 3d bands near the Fermi level, for Ti-doped FeAs42226 in this region the Ti 3d states are dominated, whereas the Fe 3d states are suppressed.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Photoionization cross section and refractive-index change of hydrogenic impurities in a CdS-SiO2 spherical quantum dot

Sait Yılmaz, Haluk Şafak, Recep Şahingoz, Mustafa Erol

Page range: 438-444

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Abstract

In this study, we calculate the photoionization cross section and refractive-index change of an on-center hydrogenic impurity in a CdS-SiO2 spherical quantum dot. In numerical calculations, both the finite- and infinite-confinement cases are considered and a variational scheme is adopted to determine the energy eigenvalues for the impurity. The variations of the photoionization cross section with the dot radius, the refractive-index change, and the normalized photon energy are investigated, and the effect of the potential-barrier height on the cross section is discussed. The results obtained show that the photoionization cross section and the refractive-index change in CdS-SiO2 spherical quantum dots are sensitively dependent on the incident optical intensity and on the dot sizes.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Background and muon counting rates in underground muon measurements with a plastic scintillator counter based on a wavelength shifting fibre and a multi-pixel avalanche photodiode readout

Vladimir Volchenko, Evgeniy Akhrameev, Leonid Bezrukov, Irina Dzaparova, Irakliy Davitashvili, Timo Enqvist, Hans Fynbo, Zhamal Guliev, Lev Inzhechik, Alexander Izmaylov, Jari Joutsenvaara, Marat Khabibullin, Alexey Khotjantsev, Yuri Kudenko, Pasi Kuusiniemi, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, Nima Lubsandorzhiev, Oleg Mineev, Lauri Olanterä, Valeriy Petkov, Roman Poleshuk, Tomi Räihä, Bator Shaibonov, Juho Sarkamo, Alexey Shaykhiev, Wladyslaw Trzaska, Galina Volchenko, Alexey Yanin, Nikolay Yershov

Page range: 445-447

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Abstract

In this short note we present results of background measurements carried out with polystyrene based cast plastic 12.0×12.0×3.0 cm3 size scintillator counter with a wavelength shifting fibre and a multi-pixel Geiger mode avalanche photodiode readout in the Baksan underground laboratory at a depth of 200 metres of water equivalent. The total counting rate of the scintillator counter measured at this depth and at a threshold corresponding to ∼0.37 of a minimum ionizing particle is approximately 1.3 Hz.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Various evaluations of a diffractive transmitted field of light through a one-dimensional metallic grating with subwavelength slits

Bin Hu, Ben-Yuan Gu, Bi-Zhen Dong, Yan Zhang, Ming Liu

Page range: 448-454

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Abstract

We compare the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction formula, the superposition of cylindrical waves, and the twodimensional (2D) Green’s function diffraction formula with a rigorous vector algorithm in calculating the near and intermediately transmitted field of light through a one-dimensional metallic grating with subwavelength slits. It is found that the results calculated by the 2D Green’s function diffraction formula coincide well with the precise result. The other evaluations deviate from the exact result by varying proportions. Our findings may provide a useful and precise way to analyze the transmitted field features of a metallic grating and subsequent possibility of achieving optimal designs for metallic optical elements with subwavelength scale.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Optics-less smart sensors and a possible mechanism of cutaneous vision in nature

Leonid Yaroslavsky, Chad Goerzen, Stanislav Umansky, H. Caulfield

Page range: 455-462

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Abstract

Although optics-less cutaneous (“skin”) vision is not uncommon among living organisms, its mechanisms and capabilities have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper demonstrates, using methods from statistical parameter estimation theory and numerical simulations, that arrays of bare radiation detectors arranged on a planar or curved surface have the ability to perform imaging tasks without any optics at all. The working principle of this type of optics-less sensors and the model developed here for determining their performance may be used to shed light on possible mechanisms, capabilities and evolution of cutaneous vision in nature.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Tables of Rosseland mean opacities for candidate atmospheres of life hosting free-floating planets

Viorel Badescu

Page range: 463-479

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Abstract

The existence of life on a free-floating planet is conditioned by the existence of an optically thick atmosphere. This may ensure the long-term thermal stability of a (liquid) solvent on the surface of that body. Requirements to be fulfilled by a hypothetic gas constituent of a free-floating planet atmosphere are studied. The four gases analyzed here (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and ethane) are candidates. They may induce a higher opacity than molecular hydrogen, which has been considered in previous research. The paper deals with preparation of tables of Rosseland mean opacity values. Selection of the ranges of temperature and pressure is guided by life existence considerations. The range of temperatures involved (50 to 650 K) is lower than usually found in the literature. The tables may be useful for studies related to free-floating planets, where the usage of absorption opacity is a straightforward way to compute the energy flux in the atmosphere. Also, the results are useful in all cases where radiation is transferred through dense layers of the gases considered in this paper.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Coupled tensorial form for atomic relativistic two-particle operator given in second quantization representation

Rytis Juršėnas, Gintaras Merkelis

Page range: 480-489

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Abstract

General formulas of the two-electron operator representing either atomic or effective interactions are given in a coupled tensorial form in relativistic approximation. The alternatives of using uncoupled, coupled and antisymmetric two-electron wave functions in constructing coupled tensorial form of the operator are studied. The second quantization technique is used. The considered operator acts in the space of states of open-subshell atoms.

Open Access April 24, 2010

The hypergeneralized Heun equation in quantum field theory in curved space-times

Davide Batic, Manuel Sandoval

Page range: 490-497

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Abstract

We show for the first time the role played by the hypergeneralized Heun equation (HHE) in the context of quantum field theory in curved space-times. More precisely, we find suitable transformations relating the separated radial and angular parts of a massive Dirac equation in the Kerr-Newman-deSitter metric to a HHE.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Effects of partial slip on axisymmetric flow of an electrically conducting viscoelastic fluid past a stretching sheet

Bikash Sahoo

Page range: 498-508

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Abstract

The entrained flow of an electrically conducting non-Newtonian, viscoelastic second grade fluid due to an axisymmetric stretching surface with partial slip is considered. The partial slip is controlled by a dimensionless slip factor, which varies between zero (total adhesion) and infinity (full slip). Suitable similarity transformations are used to reduce the resulting highly nonlinear partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation. The issue of paucity of boundary conditions is addressed, and an effective numerical scheme has been adopted to solve the obtained differential equation even without augmenting the boundary conditions. The important findings in this communication are the combined effects of the partial slip, magnetic interaction parameter and the second grade fluid parameter on the velocity and skin friction coefficient. It is observed that in presence of slip, the velocity decreases with an increase in the magnetic parameter. That is, the Lorentz force which opposes the flow leads to enhanced deceleration of the flow. Moreover, it is interesting to find that as slip increases in magnitude, permitting more fluid to slip past the sheet, the skin friction coefficient decreases in magnitude and approaches zero for higher values of the slip parameter, i.e., the fluid behaves as though it were inviscid.

Open Access April 24, 2010

On the Lense-Thirring test with the Mars Global Surveyor in the gravitational field of Mars

Lorenzo Iorio

Page range: 509-513

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Abstract

I discuss some aspects of a recent frame-dragging test performed by exploiting the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) orbit-overlap differences of the out-of-plane component (N) of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft’s orbit in the gravitational field of Mars. A linear fit to the complete time series for the entire MGS data set (4 February 1999–14 January 2005) yields a normalized slope 1.03 ± 0.41 (with 95% confidence bounds). Other linear fits to different data sets confirm agreement with general relativity. Huge systematic effects induced by mismodeling the martian gravitational field which have been claimed by some authors are absent in the MGS out-of-plane record. The same level of effect is seen for both the classical non-gravitational and relativistic gravitomagnetic forces on the in-plane MGS orbital components; this is not the case for the out-of-plane components. Moreover, the non-conservative forces experience high-frequency variations which are not important in the present case where secular effects are relevant.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Comment on “Series solution of hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer with hall effect in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet”

Robert Gorder, Kuppalapalle Vajravelu

Page range: 514-515

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Abstract

In a recently accepted paper of M. Ayub, H. Zaman and M. Ahmad [Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 8, 135 (2010)] the authors claim that the governing similarity equations of Vajravelu and Roper [Int. J. Nonlin. Mech. 34, 1031 (1999)] are incorrect; without any justification, the authors Ayub et al. simply mention that the equation is “found to be incorrect in the literature” (though no reference supporting this assertion is provided in the citations). We show that this assertion of Ayub et al. is wrong, and that the similarity equation of Vajravelu and Roper is indeed correct.

Open Access April 24, 2010

Reply to the comments on: ”Series solution of hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer with Hall effect in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet”

Haider Zaman, Muhammad Ayub

Page range: 516-518

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Abstract

In this reply to comment on ”Series solution of hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer with Hall effect in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet” by R. A. Van Gorder and K. Vajravelu manuscript [R. A. Van Gorder, K. Vajravelu, Cent. Eur. J. Phys., DOI:10. 2478/s11534-009-0145-2], we once again claim that the governing similarity equations of Vajravelu and Roper [K. Vajravelu, T. Roper, Int. J. Nonlin. Mech. 34, 1031 (1999)] are incorrect and our claim in [M. Ayub, H. Zaman, M. Ahmad, Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 8, 135 (2010)] is true. For the literature providing justification regarding this issue is discussed in detail.

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Open Physics is a peer-reviewed, open access, electronic journal devoted to the publication of fundamental research results in all fields of physics. The journal provides the readers with free, instant, and permanent access to all content worldwide; and the authors with extensive promotion of published articles, long-time preservation, no space constraints and immediate publication.
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The journal publishes research and review articles, rapid and short communications, comments and replies that cover the following areas of physical sciences:

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