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Published since December 3, 2009

Scandinavian Journal of Pain

Official Journal of the Scandinavian Association for the Study of Pain

ISSN: 1877-8879

Editor-in-chief: Mads Werner

About this journal

Objective
The Scandinavian countries have a long and distinguished tradition of excellent scientific and medical contributions to pain research. Following this tradition, the Scandinavian Journal of Pain (SJPAIN) has been publishing internationally relevant articles on all aspects of pain since 2010. The journal is the official organ of the Scandinavian Association for the Study of Pain and serves as a comprehensive forum for original research on the nature of pain, pain mechanisms, and pain management. In order to bring pain-researchers and pain-clinicians up-to-date on important issues, the journal also encourages submissions of topical reviews.

Topics

Clinical Sciences: Acute Pain
Clinical Sciences: Cancer-related pain
Clinical Sciences: Chronic Pain
Clinical Sciences: Neuropathic Pain
Epidemiology, Omics and Economics of Pain
Experimental Pain
Methods, Measurements and Biostatistics
Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Basic Science
Nursing and Pain Management
Psychology of Pain and Pain Management

Article formats
Original articles (basic and clinical research), comprehensive systematic and topical reviews, hypothesis-generating case-reports and observational studies, short communications, letters to the Editor

Your Benefits

If you would like to hand in a paper, consult our instructions for authors and submit your manuscript online at: http://www.editorialmanager.com/sjpain.

Benefits:

Broad and stimulating approach to pain-related research
Publication of editorial comments that put research papers into context
High quality single-blind peer-review
International and renowned editorial board

If you have questions please contact SJPAIN's Editorial Office at: sjpain.editorial@degruyter.com

Follow @ScandJPain on Twitter!

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Supplementary Materials

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Volume 23 Issue 3

July 2023

Publicly Available July 21, 2023

Frontmatter

Page range: i-iv

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Systematic Review

Publicly Available May 4, 2023

Comparison of the effectiveness of eHealth self-management interventions for pain between oncological and musculoskeletal populations: a systematic review with narrative synthesis

Margaux Evenepoel, Sophie Van Dijck, Mira Meeus, Lore Dams, Vincent Haenen, Nele Devoogdt, Nathalie Roussel, An De Groef

Page range: 433-451

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Abstract

Objectives The aim of this systematic review is to compare the effectiveness of eHealth self-management interventions on pain intensity between oncological and musculoskeletal populations and to examine barriers and facilitators of the use of eHealth self-management tools. Content In March 2021, a systematic search of the literature was conducted using the databases PubMed and Web of Science. Studies that investigated the effect of eHealth self-management interventions on pain intensity in an oncological and/or a musculoskeletal population were included. Summary No study was found with a direct comparison of the two populations. Of the ten included studies, only one (musculoskeletal) found a significant interaction effect in favor of the eHealth program and three (musculoskeletal and breast cancer) showed a significant time-effect of the eHealth intervention. In both populations user-friendliness of the tool was considered as a facilitator, the length of the program and the lack of an in-person session as barrier. Due to the absence of a direct comparison, no conclusion can be made on how the effectiveness differs between both populations. Outlook Further research should incorporate patient-experienced barriers and facilitators and there is a high need of studies making the direct comparison of the effect of an eHealth self-management intervention on pain intensity in an oncological vs. a MSK population.

Topical Review

Publicly Available February 20, 2023

Shifting the perspective: how positive thinking can help diminish the negative effects of pain

Jantine J.L.M. Boselie, Madelon L. Peters

Page range: 452-463

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Abstract

Objectives The field of pain psychology has taken significant steps forward during the last decades and the way we think about how to treat chronic pain has radically shifted from a biomedical perspective to a biopsychosocial model. This change in perspective has led to a surge of accumulating research showing the importance of psychological factors as determinants for debilitating pain. Vulnerability factors, such as pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing and escape/avoidant behaviours may increase the risk of disability. As a result, psychological treatment that has emerged from this line of thinking has mainly focused on preventing and decreasing the adverse impact of chronic pain by reducing these negative vulnerability factors. Recently, another shift in thinking has emerged due to the field of positive psychology, which aims to have a more complete and balanced scientific understanding of the human experience, by abandoning the exclusive focus on vulnerability factors towards including protective factors. Methods The authors have summarised and reflected on the current state-of-the-art of pain psychology from a positive psychology perspective. Results Optimism is an important factor that may in fact buffer and protect against pain chronicity and disability. Resulting treatment approaches from a positive psychology perspective are aimed at increasing protective factors, such as optimism, to increase resilience towards the negative effects of pain. Conclusions We propose that the way forward in pain research and treatment is the inclusion of both vulnerability and protective factors . Both have unique roles in modulating the experience of pain, a finding that had been neglected for too long. Positive thinking and pursuing valued goals can make one’s life gratifying and fulfilling, despite experiencing chronic pain.

Clinical Pain Researches

Open Access February 7, 2023

Pain acceptance and psychological inflexibility predict pain interference outcomes for persons with chronic pain receiving pain psychology

Nicholas Vasilis Karayannis, John A. Sturgeon, Mike K. Kemani, Sean C. Mackey, Carol M. Greco, Rikard K. Wicksell, Lance M. McCracken

Page range: 464-475

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Abstract

Objectives Awareness (being present), acceptance, and engagement (committed action) are three dimensions of psychological flexibility. Understanding these in the context of chronic pain may identify treatment targets to help refine individual treatment. Our objective was to test the predictive capacity of three dimensions within the psychological flexibility model on the longitudinal trajectory of pain interference. Methods Patients receiving pain psychology treatment at a pain management center participated in this pragmatic clinical longitudinal study (n=86 with at least three assessments; Mean age=51 years; Gender=60 females, 26 males). Measures included the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-SF); Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8); Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS-12); and Committed Action Questionnaire (CAQ-8). The dependent variable was the Patient Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference (PI). We used latent growth modelling to analyze scores assessed within 180 days of patient care. Results Psychological inflexibility (PIPS-12) and pain acceptance (CPAQ-8) measured at baseline predicted PI outcomes (n=86). PIPS-12 showed a direct relationship with pain interference (PI), where higher PIPS-12 scores predicted significantly higher PI mean scores on average across the study period ( ρ =0.422, r 2 =0.382) but also predicted significantly greater decreases in PI across time ( ρ =−0.489, r 2 =0.123). Higher CPAQ-8 scores predicted significantly lower PI mean scores on average across the study period ( ρ =−0.478, r 2 =0.453) but also significantly smaller decreases in PI across time ( ρ =0.495, r 2 =0.076). Awareness (FFMQ-SF) and engagement (CAQ-8) were not predictive of PI outcomes. Conclusions Patients who entered pain psychology treatment with lower pain acceptance and higher psychological inflexibility showed the largest reductions in pain interference across time. These results contribute towards a novel prognostic understanding of the predictive roles of an enhancing dimension and limiting dimension of psychological flexibility.

Open Access July 3, 2023

A feasibility trial of online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women with provoked vestibulodynia

Pernilla Maathz, Lance M. McCracken, Viktor Eriksson, Fredrika Säde, Gunilla Aneblom, Åsa Rikner, Alkistis Skalkidou, Monica Buhrman

Page range: 476-482

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Abstract

Objectives Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an established treatment for chronic pain. However, it is a form of treatment that have not yet been applied much in the treatment of persistent vulvar pain disorders. This study examines the feasibility and preliminary effects of online ACT for patients with provoked vestibulodynia. Methods Women diagnosed with provoked vestibulodynia were assigned randomly either to online ACT or to a waitlist control group. Feasibility was assessed in terms of recruitment potential, treatment credibility, completions rates, retention in trial, and data quality. Participants completed measures of pain with sexual activity, sexual functioning, emotional and relational adjustment, and potential treatment processes before and after treatment. Results Of the 111 women who were invited to participate in the study, 44 were included (39.6 % recruitment rate). Thirty seven participants (84.1 %) completed the pre-treatment assessment. Participants who received online ACT rated treatment credibility positively, and completed on average 4.31 (SD=1.60) of the six treatment modules. Of participants, 34 provided post treatment data, giving a trial retention rate of 77 %. Effects of online ACT, as compared to waitlist, were large for pain acceptance and quality of life, medium for anxiety and pain catastrophizing, and small for sexual satisfaction, pain with sexual activity, and relationship adjustment. Conclusions With some adjustments to recruitment procedures, a full scale randomized controlled trial of online ACT for provoked vestibulodynia appears feasible.

Open Access June 19, 2023

Relations between PTSD symptom clusters and pain in three trauma-exposed samples with pain

Sophia Åkerblom, Matti Cervin, Linda Nordin, Tonny Elmose Andersen, Marie Høgh Thøgersen, Sean Perrin

Page range: 483-493

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Abstract

Objectives Little is known about how the individual PTSD symptom clusters relate to intensity and interference of pain and whether these relationships differ across clinical groups. The present study examines relations between PTSD symptom clusters and pain in three trauma-exposed, unique clinical groups: 1) adults seeking treatment for chronic pain with current symptoms of PTSD, 2) trauma affected refugees seeking treatment for PTSD and chronic pain; and 3) individuals identified at admission to the emergency ward after whiplash injury. Methods Network analysis was used to assess unique relations between pain intensity, pain interference, re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, hyperarousal, depression, and anxiety separately in each sample. Links between PTSD clusters and pain were then compared within and between samples. Results No within-group differences were identified for the links between pain and any of PTSD clusters in the chronic pain and refugee groups. In the whiplash group, hyperarousal was more strongly related to pain than re-experiencing, avoidance, and numbing. Between group comparisons revealed a more pronounced relationship between hyperarousal and pain in the whiplash group, with no between-group differences between the chronic pain and refugee groups. Conclusions The findings suggest that when depression and anxiety are accounted for, few unique associations are found between pain and the PTSD symptom clusters in trauma-exposed samples with pain, with the exception of a link between pain and hyperarousal in individuals with whiplash-related PTSD symptoms.

June 26, 2023

Short- and long-term test–retest reliability of the English version of the 7-item DN4 questionnaire – a screening tool for neuropathic pain

Svenja Hardt, Selina-Antonette Bergau, Angela Jacques, Brigitte Tampin

Page range: 494-500

Abstract

Objectives The original French version of the “Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4) questionnaire” is a valid screening tool for the identification of neuropathic pain (NeP). The DN4 has been translated into English, but the reliability of the English version has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the 7-item DN4 questionnaire in regards to short-term reliability before (T0) and immediately after (T1) the clinical examination and long-term reliability one week later (T2). Methods A total of 222 participants (age 56.33 ± 16 years, 56 % female) were recruited from a Pain Management Department and Neurosurgery Spinal Clinic. For T2 measurements, the 7-item DN4 was sent by post with the “Patient Global Impression of Change Scale”. The scale detects possible changes of symptoms, scoring from “very much improved” (1) to “very much worse” (7). Only participants whose symptoms had not changed much (scores 3–5) were included in the T0-T2 analysis. Weighted Kappa was used to analyse the reliability of the DN4 total scores and unweighted Kappa for the DN4 classifications. Results Considering missing data and exclusions, data of 215 participants could be used for the T0-T1 and data of 103 participants for T0-T2 analysis. There was almost perfect agreement for the 7-item DN4 total score between T0-T1 (weighted k : 0.891, CI: 0.758–1.024) and T0-T2 (weighted k : 0.850, CI: 0.657–1.043). Classifications between neuropathic pain and no neuropathic pain showed almost perfect agreement ( k : 0.835, CI: 0.755–0.915) for T0-T1 and substantial agreement ( k : 0.733, CI: 0.598–0.868) for T0-T2. Conclusions The English 7-item DN4 is a reliable screening tool for neuropathic pain. Ethical committee number #RGS0000001759.

June 19, 2023

Chronic post-thoracotomy pain after lung cancer surgery: a prospective study of preoperative risk factors

Allan Vestergaard Danielsen, Jan Jesper Andreasen, Birthe Dinesen, John Hansen, Kristian Kjær-Staal Petersen, Carsten Simonsen, Lars Arendt-Nielsen

Page range: 501-510

Abstract

Objectives The objective of this longitudinal cohort study was to investigate if preoperative pain mechanisms, anxiety, and depression increase risk of developing chronic post-thoracotomy pain (CPTP) after lung cancer surgery. Methods Patients with suspected or confirmed lung cancer undergoing surgery by either video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or anterior thoracotomy were recruited consecutively. Preoperative assessments were conducted by: quantitative sensory testing (QST) (brush, pinprick, cuff pressure pain detection threshold, cuff pressure tolerance pain threshold, temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation), neuropathic pain symptom inventory (NPSI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Clinical parameters in relation to surgery were also collected. Presence of CPTP was determined after six months and defined as pain of any intensity in relation to the operation area on a numeric rating scale form 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Results A total of 121 patients (60.2 %) completed follow-up and 56 patients (46.3 %) reported CPTP. Development of CPTP was associated with higher preoperative HADS score (p=0.025), higher preoperative NPSI score (p=0.009) and acute postoperative pain (p=0.042). No differences were observed in relation to preoperative QST assessment by cuff algometry and HADS anxiety and depression sub-scores. Conclusions High preoperative HADS score preoperative pain, acute postoperative pain intensity, and preoperative neuropathic symptoms were was associated with CPTP after lung cancer surgery. No differences in values of preoperative QST assessments were found. Preoperative assessment and identification of patients at higher risk of postoperative pain will offer opportunity for further exploration and development of preventive measures and individualised pain management depending on patient risk profile.

June 12, 2023

Pain sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass – associations with chronic abdominal pain and psychosocial aspects

Ingvild K. Blom-Høgestøl, Martin Aasbrenn, Ingela L. Kvalem, Inger Eribe, Jon A. Kristinsson, Tom Mala

Page range: 511-517

Abstract

Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate modifications in pain sensitivity after RYGB and to explore associations between pain sensitivity and weight loss, chronic abdominal pain, total body pain, anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing. Methods In total, 163 patients with obesity were examined with a cold pressor test for pain sensitivity before and two years after RYGB. Two aspects of pain sensitivity were registered: Pain intensity (numeric rating scale, range 0–10) and pain tolerance (seconds). Associations between pain sensitivity and the explanatory variables were assessed with linear regression. Results Two years after RYGB the pain intensity increased (mean ± SD 0.64 ± 1.9 score units, p<0.001). Pain tolerance decreased (7.2 ± 32.4 s, p=0.005). A larger reduction in body mass index was associated with increased pain intensity, β=−0.090 (95 % CI −0.15 to −0.031, p=0.003), and decreased pain tolerance β=1.1 (95 % CI 0.95 to 2.2, p=0.03). Before surgery, participants with chronic abdominal pain reported 1.2 ± 0.5 higher pain intensity (p=0.02) and had 19.2 ± 9.3 s lower pain tolerance (p=0.04) than those without abdominal pain. No differences in pain sensitivity were observed between participants who did or did not develop chronic abdominal pain after RYGB. Pain sensitivity was associated with symptoms of anxiety but not with pain catastrophizing, depression or bodily pain. Conclusions The pain sensitivity increased after RYGB and was associated with larger weight loss and anxiety symptoms. Changes in pain sensitivity were not associated with development of chronic abdominal pain after RYGB in our study.

May 16, 2023

Barriers in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) management: perspectives from health practitioners

Arthur Sone-Wai Li, Aquina Lim Yim Wong, Mandy Matthewson, Leesa Van Niekerk, Michael Garry

Page range: 518-530

Abstract

Objectives Chronic prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a complex condition which causes a significant burden on the diagnosed individuals. Assessment and management are perplexing, often resulting in unsatisfactory outcomes. Existing research has only focused on patients’ perspectives of pain experiences, but scant evidence is available to understand the barriers that undermine effective pain management. Using an exploratory approach, this study examined these barriers from practitioners’ perspectives. Methods Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with practitioners across disciplines who have experience in chronic pelvic pain management in males. Practitioners expressed their views and experiences in supporting men with CP/CPPS and what barriers they perceived when providing treatment for patients. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis supported by NVivo software. Results Five broad and interrelated themes were identified: (1) Where to Start, (2) Insufficient Resources, (3) Prioritisation, (4) Training and Confident Practice and (5) Constraints in Help-Seeking. Conclusions Practitioners value multimodal management using a biopsychosocial approach; however, practical challenges prevent practitioners from choosing and applying this approach in clinical practice. The findings also identified some unique challenges faced by men with CP/CPPS consistent with previous evidence from patient perspective. Refining terminology, developing specific resources, and increasing psychosocial treatment options are urgently needed.

Observational studies

Open Access March 20, 2023

Spontaneous self-affirmation: an adaptive coping strategy for people with chronic pain

Dokyoung S. You, Gabrielle Hettie, Beth D. Darnall, Maisa S. Ziadni

Page range: 531-538

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Abstract

Objectives Self-affirmation may be a promising treatment strategy for improving clinical outcomes. This study examined the association between self-affirmation and self-reported health status among people with chronic pain. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 768 treatment seeking people (female 67.2%, mean age=50.4 years with SD of 17.1, White/Caucasian 59.9%) completed surveys using a learning healthcare system. Measures included spontaneous self-affirmation (SSA) items, PROMIS ® outcome measures, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). Multiple regressions were conducted to examine if strength-based SSA, value-based SSA, and their interaction would predict perceived health status and pain coping strategy. Sensitivity analysis was done by performing additional regressions with covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education). Lastly, exploratory analysis examined if average SSA scores would have a linear relationship with perceived health status. Results The strength x value-based SSA interaction significantly predicted the PROMIS-depression, anxiety, and social isolation T-scores ( ps ≤0.007), but not anger T-scores (p=0.067). Specifically, greater tendency to use both SSA styles predicted less symptoms of depression, anxiety and social isolation. This interaction remained significant when controlling for the covariates. The two SSA styles and their interaction did not significantly predict pain interference, sleep disturbance, fatigue, average pain rating and PCS scores ( p s≥0.054). Exploratory analysis revealed SSA average scores did not have a significant linear relationship with perceived health status. Conclusions The current study showed self-affirmation as being associated with better psychosocial health, but not associated with physical health and pain catastrophizing among patients with chronic pain. Our findings suggested the potential benefit of incorporating strength- and value-based affirmations in pain intervention approaches.

Open Access February 14, 2023

COVID-19 and processes of adjustment in people with persistent pain: the role of psychological flexibility

Lance M. McCracken, Monica Buhrman, Karin Brocki

Page range: 539-545

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Abstract

Objectives The purpose of the current study was to investigate facets of Psychological Flexibility (PF) and Psychological Inflexibility (PI) and their relations with depression, anxiety, and insomnia in people with chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was predicted that the full set of facets would significantly predict all three outcomes. The relative contributions of differing facets and dimensions was explored. Methods Participants with pain were selected from a sample of 1,657 Swedish adults responding to an online survey of health and COVID-19. Persistent pain was defined as pain on most days, present for three months or more. A total of 560, 33.8% of the total sample, were included in the analyses. Standardized and validated measures were used to measure depression, anxiety, and insomnia, and the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) was used to measure both PF and PI. Results Significant rates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia, at 43.1, 26.4, and 64.2%, respectively, were found in this sample. These rates appear higher than those found in a general sample in Sweden. PF was negatively associated with these problems while PI was positively associated with them. Better prediction of outcome was obtained by PI compared to PF. Conclusions PF and especially PI appear to have played a role in relation to health outcomes in people with persistent pain during the COVID-19 pandemic. This group of people appears to have been especially vulnerable to the impacts of the pandemic. This study motivates further investigation and development of treatment approaches, possibly focusing on training PF, for people with persistent pain in the current pandemic context and in the future.

Publicly Available June 2, 2023

Presence and grade of undertreatment of pain in children with cerebral palsy

Tamo Sultan, Christian Wong

Page range: 546-552

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Abstract

Objectives To investigate if chronic pain in children with cerebral palsy is undertreated with the current pharmacological/non-pharmacological interventions using a pain management index. Methods Parents of 120 children with cerebral palsy between the ages of 2–19 years from our region in Denmark answered a questionnaire about whether their child had everyday pain. When answering in pain, we inquired about pain status and pharmacological/non-pharmacological pain coping interventions. Everyday pain was viewed as chronic pain with acute exacerbations. Pain experienced was divided into worst pain (highest moments of pain intensity) and least pain (lowest moments of pain intensity). To describe and evaluate the effectiveness of pain interventions used, a pain management index was utilized. Everyday pain was assessed using a logistical regression by adjusting for age, sex, and gross motor function classification system level. Results 59/115 (0.51) of parents answering the questionnaire reported everyday pain. Of those, the median age was 10 years. For pain alleviation, massage was reported by parents as being used by 29/59 (0.49) children and paracetamol by 21/59 (0.36). Pain affected daily life in 44/59 (0.75). By our evaluation 44/59 (0.75) were inadequately treated for their pain. Our evaluation also revealed that 19/59 (0.32) of children in pain had inadequately treated pain combined with an undesirable intensity of least pain. Conclusions Half of the children with cerebral palsy experienced chronic pain according to our pain questionnaire answered by parents. Among these children three-quarters were insufficiently treated for their pain. In the same group, one-third were impacted by pain felt at both its highest and lowest moments of intensity. Massage therapy and paracetamol were the most frequently utilized pain-alleviating interventions. In our cohort, pain was undertreated and likely underdiagnose (Protocol number H-17008823).

May 15, 2023

Sex-related differences in migraine clinical features by frequency of occurrence: a cross-sectional study

Elena Muñoz Gómez, Marta Aguilar Rodríguez, Pilar Serra Añó, Núria Sempere Rubio, Sara Mollà Casanova, Marta Inglés

Page range: 553-562

Abstract

Objectives The sex-related differences of migraine hold clinical relevance to achieve a better diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate sex-related differences in migraine features, the impact, and health care resources for people who suffer from episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). Methods 184 patients (72 % women; 61.4 % with EM; mean (SD) age of 38.7 (10.4) years) were assessed through the Migraine Disability Assessment, the Short Form 36 Health Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Additionally, medication intake and medical assistance were recorded. Multivariate analyses were performed, stratifying by frequency of occurrence (EM and CM) and sex (men and women). Results The results showed that women presented a greater number of symptoms (p=0.03), pain intensity (p<0.01), pain duration (p=0.03), disability (p=0.01), amount of symptomatic medication (p=0.04) and medical visits (p=0.001), as well as a worse physical role (p=0.004) than men with EM. However, no significant differences between them were found for CM (p>0.05). Moreover, it was identified that there was a significant increase in medication intake among people with CM compared to EM (p<0.001). It is worth noting that there were no significant differences by diagnosis and sex in emotional status (p>0.05). Conclusions Migraine features, impact and health care resources were greater in women than men with EM; yet no significant differences between them were found for CM. The findings of the present study may contribute to a better diagnosis and treatment response in people with migraines.

Open Access June 6, 2023

Recurrent headache, stomachache, and backpain among adolescents: association with exposure to bullying and parents’ socioeconomic status

Klara Merrild Madsen, Bjørn E. Holstein, Katrine Rich Madsen

Page range: 563-570

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Abstract

Objectives Recurrent pain is a prevalent and severe public health problem among adolescents and is associated with several negative health outcomes. In a representative sample of adolescents this study examined 1) whether exposure to bullying and low socioeconomic status (SES) were associated with recurrent headache, stomachache and backpain, 2) the combined effect of exposure to bullying and low SES on recurrent pain and 3) whether SES modified the association between bullying and recurrent pain. Methods Data derived from the Danish contribution to the international collaborative study Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). The study population was students in three age groups, 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds from nationally representative samples of schools. We pooled participants from the surveys in 2010, 2014 and 2018, n=10,738. Results The prevalence of recurrent pain defined as pain ‘more than once a week’ was high: 11.7 % reported recurrent headache, 6.1 % stomachache, and 12.1 % backpain. The proportion who reported at least one of these pains ‘almost every day’ was 9.8 %. Pain was significantly associated with exposure to bullying at school and low parental SES. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR, 95 % CI) for recurrent headache when exposed to both bullying and low SES was 2.69 (1.75–4.10). Equivalent estimates for recurrent stomachache were 5.80 (3.69–9.12), for backpain 3.79 (2.58–5.55), and for any recurrent pain 4.81 (3.25–7.11). Conclusions Recurrent pain increased with exposure to bullying in all socioeconomic strata. Students with double exposure, i.e., to bullying and low SES, had the highest OR for recurrent pain. SES did not modify the association between bullying and recurrent pain.

Original Experimentals

March 6, 2023

Temporal stability and responsiveness of a conditioned pain modulation test

A secondary study of conservative treatment of neck pain patients

Anders Galaasen Bakken, Iben Axén, Andreas Eklund, Anna Warnqvist, Søren O’Neill

Page range: 571-579

Abstract

Objectives Conditioned pain modulation is a commonly used quantitative sensory test, measuring endogenous pain control. The temporal stability of the test is questioned, and there is a lack of agreement on the effect of different pain conditions on the conditioned pain modulation response. Thus, an investigation of the temporal stability of a conditioned pain modulation test among patients suffering from persistent or recurrent neck pain is warranted. Further, an investigation into the difference between patients experiencing a clinically important improvement in pain and those not experiencing such an improvement will aid the understanding between changes in pain and the stability of the conditioned pain modulation test. Methods This study is based on a randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of home stretching exercises and spinal manipulative therapy vs. home stretching exercises alone. As no difference was found between the interventions, all participants were studied as a prospective cohort in this study, investigating the temporal stability of a conditioned pain modulation test. The cohort was also divided into responders with a minimally clinically important improvement in pain and those not experiencing such an improvement. Results Stable measurements of conditioned pain modulation were observed for all independent variables, with a mean change in individual CPM responses of 0.22 from baseline to one week with a standard deviation of 1.34, and −0.15 from the first to the second week with a standard deviation of 1.23. An Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3 – single, fixed rater) for CPM across the three time points yielded a coefficient of 0.54 (p<0.001). Conclusions Patients with persistent or recurrent neck pain had stable CPM responses over a 2 week course of treatment irrespective of clinical response.

November 29, 2022

Anticipatory postural adjustments mediate the changes in fear-related behaviors in individuals with chronic low back pain

Yuki Nishi, Michihiro Osumi, Shu Morioka

Page range: 580-587

Abstract

Objectives The role(s) of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) in changes in subsequent motor and postural controls in response to movement perturbations are unclear in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study aimed to clarify the relationships among kinesiophobia, APAs, lumbar kinematic output, and postural control associated with lumbar movement in individuals with CLBP. Methods CLBP participants (n=48) and healthy controls (HCs) without CLBP (n=22) performed a bend-forward task using their lumbar region on a force platform and returned upright. Each participant’s lumbar movements were recorded using an electrogoniometer. We calculated the APA duration, the duration of lumbar direction changes from forward to backward, and the center of pressure (COP) position after lumbar movement tasks completion. Results Compared with the HCs, the duration of direction changes in lumbar movement and the APA duration in CLBP participants were prolonged, and the COP position was shifted forward. The mediation analysis revealed that the duration of lumbar direction changes in the CLBP group was subjected to a significant indirect effect of APAs and a direct effect of kinesiophobia, and the COP position was subjected to a significant indirect effect of kinesiophobia through APAs. Conclusions APAs partially mediate the relationship between kinesiophobia and changes in lumbar motor control and mediate the relationship between kinesiophobia and postural control in response to movement perturbations. These findings expand our understanding of APAs in altered subsequent movement and postural controls due to kinesiophobia in individuals with CLBP.

Open Access June 5, 2023

The role of spontaneous vs. experimentally induced attentional strategies for the pain response to a single bout of exercise in healthy individuals

Christina Titze, Kerstin Konietzny, Hannah Gajsar, Kelli Koltyn, Omar Chehadi, Monika I. Hasenbring, Henrik Bjarke Vaegter

Page range: 588-598

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Abstract

Objectives Exercise-induced pain and exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) are well described phenomena involving physiological and cognitive mechanisms. Two experiments explored whether spontaneous and instructed mindful monitoring (MM) were associated with reduced exercise-induced pain and unpleasantness, and increased EIH compared with spontaneous and instructed thought suppression (TS) in pain-free individuals. Methods Eighty pain-free individuals participated in one of two randomized crossover experiments. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were assessed at the leg, back and hand before and after 15 min of moderate-to-high intensity bicycling and a non-exercise control condition. Exercise-induced pain and unpleasantness were rated after bicycling. In experiment 1 (n=40), spontaneous attentional strategies were assessed with questionnaires. In experiment 2, participants (n=40) were randomly allocated to use either a TS or MM strategy during bicycling. Results In experiment 1, the change in PPTs was significantly larger after exercise compared with quiet rest (p<0.05). Higher spontaneous MM was associated with less exercise-induced unpleasantness (r=−0.41, p<0.001), whereas higher spontaneous TS was associated with higher ratings of exercise-induced unpleasantness (r=0.35, p<0.05), but not with pain intensity or EIH. In experiment 2, EIH at the back was increased in participants using instructed TS compared with participants using instructed MM (p<0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that spontaneous and presumably habitual (or dispositional) attentional strategies may primarily affect cognitive-evaluative aspects of exercise, such as feelings of exercise-induced unpleasantness. MM was related to less unpleasantness, whereas TS was related to higher unpleasantness. In terms of brief experimentally-induced instructions, TS seems to have an impact on physiological aspects of EIH; however, these preliminary findings need further research.

May 4, 2023

Acute exercise of painful muscles does not reduce the hypoalgesic response in young healthy women – a randomized crossover study

Anders Mohrsen, Henrik Lund, Steven Zartov Rasmussen, Henrik Bjarke Vægter, Jonathan Vela, Simon Hansen, Steffan Wittrup McPhee Christensen

Page range: 599-607

Abstract

Objectives Exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is characterized by an increase in pain threshold following acute exercise. EIH is reduced in some individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain, although the mechanisms are unknown. It has been hypothesized that this may relate to whether exercises are performed in painful or non-painful body regions. The primary aim of this randomized experimental crossover study was to investigate whether the presence of pain per se in the exercising muscles reduced the local EIH response. The secondary aim was to investigate if EIH responses were also reduced in non-exercising remote muscles. Methods Pain-free women (n=34) participated in three separate sessions. In session 1, the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for a single legged isometric knee extension exercise was determined. In sessions 2 and 3, pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were assessed at the thigh and shoulder muscles before and after a 3-min exercise at 30 % of MVC. Exercises were performed with or without thigh muscle pain, which was induced by either a painful injection (hypertonic saline, 5.8 %) or a non-painful injection (isotonic saline, 0.9 %) into the thigh muscle. Muscle pain intensity was assessed with an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) at baseline, after injections, during and after exercises. Results PPTs increased at thigh and shoulder muscles after exercise with painful (14.0–24.9 %) and non-painful (14.3–19.5 %) injections and no significant between-injection EIH differences were observed (p>0.30). Muscle pain intensity was significantly higher following the painful injection compared to the non-painful injection (p<0.001). Conclusions Exercising painful muscles did not reduce the local or remote hypoalgesic responses, suggesting that the pain-relieving effects of isometric exercises are not reduced by exercising painful body regions. Ethical committee number S-20210184. Trial registration number NCT05299268.

Short Communications

December 1, 2022

Nation-wide decrease in the prevalence of pediatric chronic pain during the COVID-19 pandemic

Boluwatife Aluko, Adrianne N. Mitchell, Dmitry Tumin, Evan Zeldin

Page range: 608-612

Abstract

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic was expected to increase prevalence and severity of chronic pain. We compared pandemic-era and pre-pandemic prevalence of chronic pain among children in the US. Methods Data were obtained from the 2019 and 2020 National Survey of Children’s Health, a web-or mail-based survey representative of children living in the US (n=20,359 in 2019; 29,159 in 2020). Caregiver-reported prevalence of chronic pain was compared between survey years using bivariate and multivariable methods. Results The prevalence of chronic pain among US children decreased from 11 to 8% in the first year of the pandemic. Multivariable analysis adjusting for children’s and caregivers’ demographics and socioeconomic characteristics confirmed that in 2020, odds of caregiver-reported chronic pain declined by 33% (95% confidence interval: 23%, 42%; p<0.001). Conclusions The encouraging finding of a nationwide decrease in the prevalence of chronic pain calls into question initial predictions anticipating the pandemic to contribute to onset or persistence of chronic pain among children.

December 27, 2022

A multidisciplinary transitional pain service to improve pain outcomes following trauma surgery: a preliminary report

Hannah K. Flynn, Divya Manoharan, Yea-Jen Hsu, Anping Xie, Ronen Shechter, Marie Hanna, Traci J. Speed

Page range: 613-619

Abstract

Objectives Trauma (i.e., musculoskeletal injury from a blunt or penetrating force) can change the trajectory of a person’s life. Patients often experience chronic pain, reduced quality of life, long-term opioid therapy, and psychiatric comorbidities after trauma surgery. This case report presents clinical outcomes of four patients who received postsurgical pain care in a transitional pain service (TPS) that provides long-term coordinated multimodal pain care, opioid tapering plans, and psychiatric care. Methods The Personalized Pain Program (PPP) measures prescription opioid use and patient-reported outcomes: pain severity and pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index), physical and mental health functioning (SF-12 pre-COVID-19; SF-36 during COVID-19 pandemic) at initial and subsequent clinic visits. Results All four patients reduced their postsurgical opioid use with concurrent reductions in pain and improved functioning while receiving postoperative care in the PPP (average length of treatment: 2.8 years). Psychiatric co-treatment addressed the onset or exacerbation of mental health comorbidities following trauma. Conclusions Long-term multidisciplinary pain care may improve post-trauma recovery and reduce risks of long-term opioid therapy and disability. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of TPSs for patients undergoing trauma surgery.

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Editorial

Editor-in-Chief
Mads U. Werner, Copenhagen, Denmark
Email: sjpainmw@gmail.com

Founding Editor
Harald Breivik, Oslo, Norway

Honorary Editors
Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Aalborg, Denmark
Stephen Butler, Uppsala, Sweden
Torsten Gordh, Uppsala, Sweden
Per Hansson, Oslo, Norway
Eija Kalso, Helsinki, Finland
Troels Staehelin Jensen, Aarhus, Denmark
Audun Stubhaug, Oslo, Norway

SECTION EDITORS

Clinical Sciences: Acute Pain
Sohail Asghar, Copenhagen, Denmark
Daniel B. Carr, Boston, USA
Michele Curatolo, Seattle, USA
James Eisenach, Winston-Salem, USA
Katri Hamunen, Helsinki, Finland
Maja-Liisa Kalliomäki, Tampere, Finland
Vesa Kontinen, Helsinki, Finland
Gunnvald Kvarstein, Oslo, Norway
Lone Nikolajsen, Aarhus, Denmark
Johan Raeder, Oslo, Norway

Clinical Sciences: Cancer-related pain
Pål Klepstad, Trondheim, Norway
Ulf Kongsgaard, Oslo, Norway
Geana Kurita, Copenhagen, Denmark
Reino Pöyhiä, Helsinki, Finland
Märta Segerdahl, Stockholm, Sweden

Clinical Sciences: Chronic Pain
Lene Baad-Hansen, Aarhus, Denmark
Asbjørn Mohr Drewes, Aalborg, Denmark
Björn Gerdle, Linköping, Sweden
Eva Kosek, Stockholm, Sweden
Srinivasa Raja, Baltimore, USA
Andrew Rice, London, UK
Cecilia Røe, Oslo, Norway
William S. Shaw, Farmington, CT, USA
Sebastian Straube, Alberta, Canada
Henrik B. Vægter, Odense, Denmark

Clinical Sciences: Neuropathic Pain
Nanna Finnerup, Aarhus, Denmark
Hanna Harno, Helsinki, Finland
Satu Jääskeläinen, Turku, Finland
Ellen Jørum, Oslo, Norway

Epidemiology, Omics and Economics of Pain
Emmanuel Bäckryd, Linköping, Sweden
Gary MacFarlane, Aberdeen, Scotland
Christopher S. Nielsen, Oslo, Norway

Experimental Pain
Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Aalborg, Denmark
Thomas Graven-Nielsen, Aalborg, Denmark
Dagfinn Matre, Oslo, Norway

Methods, Measurements and Biostatistics
Morten Aagaard Petersen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Eva Skovlund, Trondheim, Norway

Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Basic Science
Sohail Asghar, Copenhagen, Denmark
Christian Bjerggaard-Vaegter, Aarhus, Denmark
David P. Finn, Galway, Ireland
Lene Jarlbæk, Nyborg, Denmark
Antti Pertovaara, Helsinki, Finland
Carl-Olav Stiller, Stockholm, Sweden
Camilla Svensson, Stockholm, Sweden
Bradley K. Taylor, Pittsburgh, USA

Nursing and Pain Management
Tone Rustøen, Oslo, Norway
Sigriður Zoega, Reykjavik, Iceland

Psychology of Pain and Pain Management
Katja Boersma, Örebro, Sweden
Steven Linton, Örebro, Sweden
Silje E. Reme, Oslo, Norway
Lene Vase, Aarhus, Denmark
Johan Vlaeyen, Leuven, Belgium

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(Deutsch)

Online ISSN: 1877-8879
Print ISSN: 1877-8860
Type: Journal
Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
First published: December 3, 2009
Publication Frequency: 4 Issues per Year
Audience: Students, researchers and health professionals in the field of pain medicine