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Abstract
Recent advances in the area of automotive radar led to the development and availability of components and integrated circuits (MMICs) in the millimeter-wave range. Besides the automotive sensors also industrial and security applications can take benefit from these components. This article reports on different sensors and applications with respect to the above mentioned fields.
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This contribution deals with guided radar distance measurements in the field of industrial tank level control. The aim is to achieve a submillimeter gauging accuracy even when conducting the measurement within the highly dispersive environment of large and thus overmoded cylindrical waveguides. In this case normally multimode propagation causes a decrease in measurement precision. Therefore, the effects of intermodal dispersion are fundamentally reviewed and based on these results two different approaches for overcoming the drawbacks of this measurement scenario are derived. On the one hand a prototype of a novel concept for compact mode-preserving waveguide transitions is presented, efficiently avoiding the excitation of higher-order modes. By applying this concept, free-space optimized signal processing algorithms can be used advantageously. On the other hand, an alternative correlation-based signal processing method is presented. The method is able to exploit the otherwise parasitic dispersion effects to enhance the measurement accuracy even in combination with an intentionally simple waveguide transition. Finally, the trade-off between the signal processing and the waveguide transition complexity is highlighted and discussed. Measurement results in a frequency range of 8.5 to 10.5 GHz are provided for different kinds of waveguide transitions proving the capability of both approaches.
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This article presents a wireless sensor network based system for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure localization. Based on a set of measured and a priori known distance values the relative position and orientation of a vehicle is determined. A multidimensional scaling based algorithm is applied to solve the challenging localization task. The feasibility of the approach is proved experimentally on the basis of a vehicle localization application.
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Currently available passive RFID transponders for the UHF range are limited to simple identification purposes. The RFID chip presented here offers several qualities that are only possible with semi-passive or active transponders so far. Two frequency bands are supported, the transponder is locatable and features besides the identification via the EPC-protocol the possibility to read internal and external sensor data. The chip was implemented using a cost effective mainstream CMOS technology to prove the feasibility of all functions while being on the safe side for a commercial perspective.
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Non-linear RF devices such as mixers or amplifiers cannot be described in sufficient detail by common quantities such as S-parameters. We show how the large-signal characteristics of such devices, the influence of the operating point on their characteristics, and the generation of new frequency components can be modeled by the so-called X-parameters. The approach is demonstrated by way of several examples.
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Technically important electrochemical reactions often occur at high temperatures and inside bulky structures. The difficulties associated with their direct observation are usually circumvented by indirect measurement strategies. This contribution reports on a microwave-based direct measurement method and the results obtained when it was applied to systems such as three-way catalysts (TWC), lean NO x traps (LNT), and diesel particulate filters (DPF).
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