Published by De Gruyter

Volume 58 Issue 5

Issue of Tenside Surfactants Detergents

Contents
Journal Overview

Publicly Available September 25, 2021

Page range: 319-319

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Review Article

Publicly Available September 25, 2021

Hygiene in Commercial Dishwashing – A Review about the State of Knowledge in Research, Standardization, Regulation and Market Information

Sarah Schulze Struchtrup, Britta von Esmarch-Rummler, Rainer Stamminger

Page range: 320-333

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Abstract

The current state of knowledge about hygiene (efficacy testing) in commercial dishwashers will be collated in this review. Therefore, studies about hygiene in commercial dishwashing are summarised and existing standards, guidelines and the legislative basis described. Finally, examples of information available from the market, for example, detergents are presented. The use of bioindicators contaminated with bovine albumin, mucin, corn starch and Enterococcus faecium is widely established in studies, which was the basis for the introduction of standards. Standards prescribe minimum temperatures for cleaning and rinsing, and most of them provide microbiological testing methods. A worldwide standardized test method for hygiene in commercial dishwashers would guarantee the comparability of country-specific standards but procedures currently available would need great efforts to be unified. A definition of a specified hygiene target level on cleaned dish items would also be meaningful because a harmless level of microorganisms can be achieved with it regardless of the initial microbial count or the process used.

Personal Care

September 25, 2021

Evaluation of the Quality of Bath Cosmetics in Powder Form Depending on the Selection of Fillers

Ilona Podkowa-Zawadzka, Tomasz Wasilewski, Małgorzata Zięba

Page range: 334-341

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of hydrophilic microcrystalline cellulose, hydrophobic talc and mixtures of cellulose and talc when used as fillers in powdered bath cosmetics. A number of model formulations were developed that contained fillers in different compositions. Prototypical formulations were prepared and evaluated for their functional properties and skin-drying effect. An increase in the concentration of talc was found to reduce the ability of the formulations to emulsify fatty soils and, consequently, decrease the skin-drying effect after washing. Another result of the study is that a high content of talc does not significantly impair the foaming ability, and the presence of talc improves the stability of generated foam.

September 25, 2021

Weakening of the Transdermal Effect of p-Phenylenediamine Pigments by the Temperature-Sensitive Poloxamer Sodium Alginate Gel

Haiyan Gao, Yue Zhou, Jianguo Wang, Hujun Xu

Page range: 342-352

Abstract

A temperature-sensitive hair dye was prepared with a poloxamer-sodium alginate mixture. When the hair dye was applied to the hair (< 32 °C), it retained its flow dynamics. The hair dye was able to undergo a phase change and formed a solid as soon as it touched the scalp (32°C), which reduced the transdermal amount of p -phenylenediamine (PPD) and also adverse effects and toxicity. Compared to a conventional hair dye, the temperature-sensitive hair dye achieved a reduction of the transdermal amount of p -phenylenediamine by almost 65% at different concentrations. At the same time, the colouring effect was not significantly reduced. The poloxamer alginate hydrogel can be used as a novel colouring material to reduce the harm of the dye intermediate to the human body when colouring hair.

Detergent Ingredients

September 25, 2021

Performance Evaluation of the Percarbonate and Perborate Bleach Activators Synthesized by a Low-Cost, Two-Step Method from Phenol

Omid Shojaei

Page range: 353-359

Abstract

Bleach activators decrease the energy consumption and fabrics damage in the process of laundry and industrial cotton bleaching. Herein, we demonstrate a low-cost, two-step method for the synthesis of sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate and sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate from phenol as a simple precursor material for efficient bleach activators. Initially, phenol was sulfonated to sodium p -phenolsulfonate. In the second step, it was acylated with nonanoyl chloride and dodecanoyl chloride to synthesize sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate and sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate, respectively. Sodium p -phenolsulfonate and the obtained bleach activators were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, IR-, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The investigation of their detergency efficiency on different stains and substrates revealed that the as-synthesized bleach activators outperform the commercial tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) at room temperature (25°C). The detergency efficiency of sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate for hydrophobic stains at a rather low temperature of 40°C remarkably rises to about 90%.

Application

September 25, 2021

Research of a Surfactant Gel with Potential Application in Oilfield

Minlan Gao, Wen Tian, Zhihui Ma, Sanbao Dong, Congyu Ke, Jie Zhang, Gang Chen

Page range: 360-370

Abstract

In this study, a viscoelastic surfactant gel was composed using erucoylamine propyl betaine and other additives. The formulation of this viscoelastic surfactant gel solution was determined as: erucamide propyl betaine:oleic acid amide propyl betaine:octadecyl hydroxyl sulfonate betaine = 1.7%:1.36%:0.01%. Then the performance of viscoelastic surfactant gel fluid was evaluated. The results showed that the viscoelastic surfactant gel has good temperature resistance and salt resistance. At 50°C, the apparent viscosity reaches the maximum value, 37 mPa · s, and it displays high shear resistance under the shear rate of 170 s –1 , with the viscosity retention of 83.3%. Kerosene (1%) can completely break the gel within 2 h, which can convert the gel into a surfactant solution soon. Also the gel shows high emulsion ability, which can benefit the oil displacement in oilfield. Finally this gel can enhance the oil displacement rate as high as 28%.

Physical Chemistry

September 25, 2021

Interaction of Surface Active Drug Promethazine Hydrochloride with Surfactants: Drug Release from Microemulsions

Manoni Kurtanidze, Tinatin Butkhuzi, Irma Tikanadze, Rusudan Chaladze, Manuchar Gvaramia, Ketevan Nanobashvili, Maka Alexishvili, Polina Toidze, Marina Rukhadze

Page range: 371-382

Abstract

The interaction of surface-active drugs with surfactants, used in the simulation of artificial membranes by direct and reversed micelles, mainly determines the transport of drugs in the body and the complex process of the binding to receptors. Besides, the delivery of drugs into the body via microemulsions has been successfully used to reduce the first-pass metabolism. The structure of mixed reverse microemulsions based on the ionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and the cationic surface active drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) was studied spectroscopically in the infrared and UV-visible regions, as well as using electrical conductivity and dynamic light scattering. The release profile of PMT from AOT-based microemulsions was studied using cellulose dialysis bags. The introduction of PMT additive into the water pockets of reverse AOT micelles leads to: a) an increase in free water fraction and a decrease in bound water fraction; b) changing the chromatographic retention factors of the model compounds; c) insignificant influence on the values of the binding constant of optical probe o -nitroaniline with the head groups of AOT; d) quenching of water-induced percolation in electrical conductance of reverse AOT microemulsions; e) a slight decrease in the size of water droplets at the same values of the molar ratio of water/surfactant. The release of PMT from the aqueous system obeys Fick’s law of diffusion (n = 0.4852), and the release of PMT from microemulsions is based on non-Fickian or anomalous diffusion.

September 25, 2021

Activity of Polyphenoloxidase in red Fuji Apples Promoted with Cationic Surfactant – Role of Surfactant Structure

Maozhang Tian, Fan Zhang, Lu Wang, Xing Dong, Lifei Zhang, Xia Guo

Page range: 383-393

Abstract

In this study, we observed the activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in red Fuji apples in the presence of single-chained surfactants (including cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB)) and gemini surfactants (pentamethylene-α,ω-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), octamethylene-α,ω-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, dodecamethylene-α,ω-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), pentamethylene-α,ω-bis(cetyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), and octamethylene-α,ω-bis(cetyl dimethyl ammonium bromide)). It was found that all these surfactants enhanced the activity of PPO in a wide range of temperature at low content. When PPO was denatured by incubating at high temperature, the surfactants caused reactivation of PPO. Compared to the single-chained surfactants, the gemini surfactants increased PPO activity at a much lower concentration. Moreover, the single-chained surfactant and the gemini surfactant acted together to further increase PPO activity, and the synergistic effect reduced the amount of surfactant used. In addition, the Michaelis-Menten constant for PPO did not change in the presence of the surfactants, suggesting the active site should remain well with the surfactants.

September 25, 2021

Effect of Oxyethylene Groups of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sodium Sulfates on Equilibrium and Dynamic Surface Tension in Relation to Wetting Properties

Xiaodan Ren, Ping Li, Jianbo Li, Xiaoyi Yang, Chaohua Guo, Quanhong Li

Page range: 394-400

Abstract

The effect of hydrophilic chain of surfactants fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphates (AE n S, n = 2, 3, 7) on surface properties and wetting properties was investigated by the measurement of equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension and dynamic contact angle. The fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulphates with different head group sizes were used. From the results of equilibrium surface tension measurements, we could obtain the critical micellisation concentration, adsorption efficiency, maximum surface excess concentration and Langmuir equilibrium adsorption constant at air/liquid interface. The dynamic surface tension results showed that the adsorption of aqueous solutions at the air/liquid interface follows a mixed-diffusion kinetic adsorption mechanism. In conclusion, for both studied surfactant, the longer the oxyethylene chains, the higher the maximum rate of surface tension reduction, the higher the diffusivity and wetting properties in terms of contact angle.

Synthesis

September 25, 2021

Synthesis and Aggregation of Novel Sugar-based Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solution

Ruijuan Wang, Yu Lei, Zikun Mei, Dong Wang, Zhigang Yin

Page range: 401-406

Abstract

Novel sugar-based gemini surfactants with a 1,3-propan-2-ol spacer (1, 3-(N- alkyl-2-D-glucosaminyl acetyl) propan-2-ol, Glu(n)-3(OH)-Glu(n), n = 12, 14) were synthesized with D-(+)-glucono-1,5-lactone as starting material in two steps, whose structures were confirmed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance carbon spectroscopy ( 13 C NMR). The micellization of Glu(n)-3(OH)-Glu(n) (n = 12, 14) in aqueous solution at 25.0°C was investigated by using surface tension measurement. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) is around 10 –5 mol × L –1 , and is one order of magnitude smaller than that of Glu(14)-3(OH)-Glu(14), indicating that the surface activity of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) is superior to that of Glu(14)-3(OH)-Glu(14). Moreover, the aggregation behavior of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) in aqueous solution at different pH values was investigated by surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopic (Cryo-TEM) measurements. The results indicate that the CMC slightly increases with the decrease of the solution pH. The microstructure of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) aggregates transitions from micelle to vesicle with the solution pH from acidic to neutral and alkaline. The microstructural transformation of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) with the solution pH is mainly determined by the protonation of the two tertiary amine nitrogen atoms in its hydrophilic headgroups.

About this journal

Tenside Surfactants Detergents offers the most recent results of research and development in all fields of surfactant chemistry, such as: synthesis, analysis, physicochemical properties, new types of surfactants, progress in production processes, application-related problems and environmental behavior. Since 1964 Tenside Surfactants Detergents offers strictly peer-reviewed, high-quality articles by renowned specialists around the world.
All articles are subject to thorough, independent peer review.
Tenside Surfactants Detergents is the organ of the German Chemical Society (GDCh e.V.), Division "Chemie des Waschens".

Objective
Tenside Surfactants Detergents (TSD) publishes scientific manuscripts covering all aspects of chemistry, physics and application technology of surface-active substances (surfactants). The journal is aimed at scientists from industry, universities and research institutes who are actively involved in research work.

Topics

Physical chemistry of surfactants and surfactant mixtures in solutions and at interfaces
Analytical chemistry and synthesis of surfactants
Development of surfactants with special properties
Production of surfactants from renewable/microbiological resources
Novel "Green" Surfactants/Biosurfactants
Foams, Gels, Emulsions, Microemulsions
Application of surfactants in cleaning and body-care products, in pharmaceutical dosage forms, in agrochemicals and enhanced oil recovery
Development of sustainable cleaning products and cleaning techniques
Cleaning product safety and toxicology
Hygiene requirements for cleaning and personal care products
Consumer behavior in household cleaning
Development of cleaning products performance test methods

Subjects

Surfactant Chemistry
Colloid and Interface chemistry
Surface Chemistry
Textile chemistry
Environmental Chemistry
Detergent and Cleaning Agent Production

Article formats
Original Research Papers, Review Articles, and Short Communications

Volume 58 Issue 5

Issue of Tenside Surfactants Detergents

Contents

Hygiene in Commercial Dishwashing – A Review about the State of Knowledge in Research, Standardization, Regulation and Market Information

Abstract

Evaluation of the Quality of Bath Cosmetics in Powder Form Depending on the Selection of Fillers

Abstract

Weakening of the Transdermal Effect of p-Phenylenediamine Pigments by the Temperature-Sensitive Poloxamer Sodium Alginate Gel

Abstract

Performance Evaluation of the Percarbonate and Perborate Bleach Activators Synthesized by a Low-Cost, Two-Step Method from Phenol

Abstract

Research of a Surfactant Gel with Potential Application in Oilfield

Abstract

Interaction of Surface Active Drug Promethazine Hydrochloride with Surfactants: Drug Release from Microemulsions

Abstract

Activity of Polyphenoloxidase in red Fuji Apples Promoted with Cationic Surfactant – Role of Surfactant Structure

Abstract

Effect of Oxyethylene Groups of Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sodium Sulfates on Equilibrium and Dynamic Surface Tension in Relation to Wetting Properties

Abstract

Synthesis and Aggregation of Novel Sugar-based Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solution

Abstract