Abstract
Slow-release microencapsulated N, P, and K fertilizer synthesis was optimized and the products exhaustively characterized. Four NPK formulations with nutrient mass ratios of 1:0:0, 1:1:0, 1:1:1, and 2:1:1 were characterized following European Council Regulation 2003/2003 for fertilizers as well as ICP-AES, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, HPLC, elemental analysis, XPS, SEM, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, activity index, and leaching rate. These fertilizers have good slow-release properties and decrease waste and crop contaminants, improving environmental protection. Compared to classic granulated fertilizers, plant nutrient availability was improved allowing reduced application. Nutrient leaching parameters describing four different kinetic models were evaluated.
Graphical Abstract
References
[1] Phelan P., Moloney A. P., McGeough E. J., Humphreys J., Bertilsson J., O’Riordan E. G., P. O’Kiely, Forage legumes for grazing and conserving in ruminant production systems, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 2015, 34, 281-326. 10.1080/07352689.2014.898455Search in Google Scholar
[2] Garde-Cerdan T., Santamaría P., Rubio-Breton P., Gonzalez- Arenzana L., Lopez-Alfaro I., Lopez R., Foliar application of proline, phenylalanine, and urea to Tempranillo vines: Effect on grape volatile composition and comparison with the use of commercial nitrogen fertilizers, LWT - Food Sci. Technol., 2015, 60, 684-689. 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.028Search in Google Scholar
[3] Fernández-Escobar R., Antonaya-Baena M.F., Sánchez-Zamora M.A., Molina-Soria C., The amount of nitrogen applied and nutritional status of olive plants affect nitrogen uptake efficiency, Scientia Hortic. (Amsterdam, Neth.), 2014, 167, 1-4. 10.1016/j.scienta.2013.12.026Search in Google Scholar
[4] Ashworth A.J., Taylor A.M., Reed D.L., Allen F.L., Keyser P.D., Tyler D.D., Environmental impact assessment of regional switchgrass feedstock production comparing nitrogen input scenarios and legume-intercropping systems, J. Clean. Prod., 2015, 87, 227-234. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.002Search in Google Scholar
[5] on I., Bogdan D., Ion A.C., Improvement in the determination of traces of nitrate and nitrite in natural mineral waters by ion chromatography, U.P.B. Sci. Bull. Series B, 2014, 76, 113-122. Search in Google Scholar
[6] Stuart D., Schewe R.L., McDermott M., Reducing nitrogen fertilizer application as a climate change mitigation strategy: Understanding farmer decision-making and potential barriers to change in the US, Land Use Policy, 2014, 36, 210-218. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.08.011Search in Google Scholar
[7] Finck A., Fertilizers and their efficient use, in IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual, D.J. Halliday, M.E. Trenkel (Eds.), International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, 1992. Search in Google Scholar
[8] Awmack K., BC Min. of Agriculture, http://www.al.gov.bc.ca/forage/ publications/RoleNutrientPlantGrowth.pdf, 2014. Search in Google Scholar
[9] Seth P.K., Chemical contaminants in water and associated health hazards, Water Health, Springer Science & Business Media – Editor, 2013, 375. 10.1007/978-81-322-1029-0_22Search in Google Scholar
[10] Benedini M., Tsakiris G., Water Quality in the Context of Water Resources Management, Water Sci. Technol. Libr. 70, 69, 2013. 10.1007/978-94-007-5509-3_7Search in Google Scholar
[11] Szczepaniak K., Sarbu C., Astel A., Rainska E., Biziuk M., Culicov O., Frontasyeva M.V., Bode P., Assessment of the impact of a phosphatic fertilizer plant on the adjacent environment using fuzzy logic, Cent. Eur. J. Chem., 2006, 4, 29-55. 10.1007/s11532-005-0003-zSearch in Google Scholar
[12] Huang B. B., Yan D. H., Wang H., Cheng B. F., Cui X. H., Effects of water quality of the basin caused by nitrogen loss from soil in drought, Nat. Hazards, 2015, 75, 2357–2368. 10.1007/s11069-014-1433-8Search in Google Scholar
[13] Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO), Official Publication No. 48. Published by Association of American Plant Food Control Officials, Inc.; West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, 1995. Search in Google Scholar
[14] Thompson H.E., Encapsulated slow release fertilizers, USA Patent 5, 089, 041, 1992. Search in Google Scholar
[15] Cahill S., Osmond D., Israel D., Nitrogen release from coated urea fertilizers in different soils, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 2010, 41, 1245-1256. 10.1080/00103621003721437Search in Google Scholar
[16] Chen C.F., Hu C.Y., Liou M.L., Wu C.C., Su Y.S., Liu C.J, Application of low-phosphorous fertilizers on tea plantations as a novel best management practice, Sustain., 2014, 6, 6985-6997. 10.3390/su6106985Search in Google Scholar
[17] Rashidzadeh A., Olad A., Salari D., Reyhanitabar A., On the preparation and swelling properties of hydrogel nanocomposite based on Sodium alginate-g-Poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/ Clinoptilolite and its application as slow release fertilizer, J. Polym. Res., 2014, 21, art. 344. 10.1007/s10965-013-0344-9Search in Google Scholar
[18] Rashidzadeh A., Olad A., Slow-released NPK fertilizer encapsulated by NaAlg-g-poly(AA-co-AAm)/MMT superabsorbent nanocomposite, Carbohyd. Polym., 2014, 114, 269-278. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[19] Roshanravan B., Mahdavi F., Rashid S.A., From Sources to Solution, Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London, 2014, 23-28. 10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_5Search in Google Scholar
[20] Melaj M.A., Daraio M.E, Preparation and characterization of potassium nitrate controlled-release fertilizers based on chitosan and xanthan layered tablets, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013, 130, 2422- 2428. 10.1002/app.39452Search in Google Scholar
[21] Tomaszewska M., Jarosiewicz A., Use of Polysulfone in Controlled-Release NPK Fertilizer Formulations, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 4634-4639. 10.1021/jf0116808Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Zhao G., Liu Y.Q., Tian Y., Sun Y., Cao Y., Preparation and properties of macromolecular slow-release fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, J. Polym. Res., 2010, 17, 119-125. 10.1007/s10965-009-9297-4Search in Google Scholar
[23] Jahns T., Kiely D.E., Abiotic hydrolysis of some poly-D-glucaramides and subsequent microbial utilization/degradation, J. Polym. Environ., 2006, 14, 165-169. 10.1007/s10924-006-0006-7Search in Google Scholar
[24] Qiu X.Y., Zhu D.C., Tao S.M., Chen C., Ren X.Q., Hu S.W., 1-naphthylacetic-acid-functionalized polyacrylate-coated urea with dual controlled-release properties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013, 129, 559-567. 10.1002/app.38656Search in Google Scholar
[25] Zhanga D., Zhouc G., Zhanga X., Wanga Y., Li G., Structure and mass transportation model of slow-release organic carbon-source material for groundwater in situ denitrification, Environ. Technol., 2015, 36, 395-403. 10.1080/09593330.2014.979249Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[26] Beestman G.B., High concentration encapsulation by interfacial polycondensation, USA Patent 4,640,709, 1987. Search in Google Scholar
[27] Rafiemanzelat F., Zonouz A.F., Emtiazi G., Synthesis of new poly(ether-urethane-urea)s based on amino acid cyclopeptide and PEG: study of their environmental degradation, Amino Acids, 2013, 44, 449-459. 10.1007/s00726-012-1353-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[28] Carson L.C., Ozores-Hampton M., Morgan K.T., Sargent S.A., Prediction of controlled-release fertilizer nitrogen release using the pouch field and accelerated temperature-controlled incubation methods in sand soils, Hort. Sci., 2014, 49, 1575-1581 10.21273/HORTSCI.49.12.1575Search in Google Scholar
[29] Babu R.P., O’Connor K., Seeram R., Current progress on bio-based polymers and their future trends, Prog. Biomater., 2013, 2, art. 8. 10.1186/2194-0517-2-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[30] Isfan L., Tomas S., Pop C., Bosconea C., Mocanu-Ionescu R., Synthesis and characterisation of a series of tetrahydrazonophtalocyanine derivatives by condensation with various aromatic aldehydes, Rev. Chim. (Buchar. Rom), 2007, 58, 941-944. Search in Google Scholar
[31] Gungor O., Yilmaz A., Memon S., Yilmaz M., Evaluation of the performance of calixSearch in Google Scholar
[8]arene derivatives as liquid phase extraction material for the removal of azo dyes, J. Hazard. Mater., 2008, 158, 202-207. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.060Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[32] Tolescu C., Neamtu C., Ghiurea M., Iovu H., Preparation and characterization of encapsulated fertilizer, Environ. Eng. Manage. J., 2010, 4, 553-558. 10.30638/eemj.2010.077Search in Google Scholar
[33] Wertz S.L., Gabrielson K., Wright J., Slow release nitrogen fertilizer, USA Patent 6,936,681 (2005) Search in Google Scholar
[34] Smets J., Fernandez P.S., Yan N., Encapsulates, Patent no. EP2576751 A1 / CN102906238A / US20110294715 / WO2011150138A1, The Procter and Gamble Company, 2013. Search in Google Scholar
[35] Trenkel M. E., Slow and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers in agriculture, International Fertilizers Industry Association, Paris, France, 2010. Search in Google Scholar
[36] Lubkowski K., Grzmil B., Controlled release fertilizers, Pol. J. Chem. Technol., 2007, 9, 83-84. 10.2478/v10026-007-0096-6Search in Google Scholar
[37] Shoji S., Gandeza A.T., Controlled release fertilizers with polyolefin resin coating, Konno Printing Co. Ltd., Sendai, Japan, 1992. Search in Google Scholar
[38] Hu Y., Schraml M., von Tucher S., Li F., Schmidhalter U., Influence of nitrification inhibitors on yields of arable crops: A meta-study of recent research in Germany, Int. J. Plant Prod., 2014, 8, 33-50. Search in Google Scholar
[39] Tolescu C., Neamtu C., Raceanu G., Popescu M., Iovu H., Polymeric microstructures for slow release of fertilizers, Mater. Plast. (Buchar. Rom.), 2009, 46, 387-393. Search in Google Scholar
[40] European Council Regulation (EA) No 2003/2003 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 13 October 2003 relating to fertilizers, Official Journal 21.11.2003, L 304/1. (2003) Search in Google Scholar
[41] Noppakundilograt S., Pheatcharat N., Kiatkamjornwong S., Multilayer-coated NPK compound fertilizer hydrogel with controlled nutrient release and water absorbency, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2015, 132, DOI: 10.1002/APP.41249. 10.1002/app.41249Search in Google Scholar
[42] Schneider A., Tesileanu R., Charles R., Sinaj S., Kinetics of soil potassium sorption-desorption and fixation, Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 2013, 44, 837–849. 10.1080/00103624.2013.749442Search in Google Scholar
[43] Cai Z., Wang B., Xu M., Zhang H., Zhang L., Gao S., Nitrification and acidification from urea application in red soil (Ferralic Cambisol) after different long-term fertilization treatments, J. Soil. Sedim., 2014, 14, 1526-1536. 10.1007/s11368-014-0906-4Search in Google Scholar
© 2015 Constantin Neamţu et al.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.