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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter April 14, 2015

论全球华语的基础及内涵

On the Foundation and Connotation of Global Chinese
  • 晏斌 刁

    刁晏斌为北京师范大学文学院教授,现代汉语研究所所长,北京师范大学全球华语比较研究中心主任。中国语言学会理事,中国语文现代化学会常务理事兼两岸语言文字研究分会会长。研究方向包括现代汉语史,当代汉语,两岸四地华语对比等。他的新作有:《“文革”时期语言研究》,是国内外第一部以文革时期语言为研究对象的专著,2011 年由韩国岭南大学出版社出版;《当代汉语词汇研究》,对新世纪以来诸多词汇现象进行了较有特色的研究,2013 年中国社会科学出版社出版;《海峡两岸及港澳地区若干现代汉语差异与融合现象研究》,对两岸四地词汇和语法方面的一些差异与融合现象进行了较为深入的研究,2014 年商务印书馆出版。

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From the journal Global Chinese

摘要

关于各地对华语的不同称名,大致有两种意见,一种认为是同名异实,另一种则视之为同一语言在不同言语社区的变体。对于华语本身,人们的认识有广义狭义之分,另外不同国家和地区的人的理解也不完全相同。华语有历史和现实两个基础。所谓历史基础,是指各地华语均是由大致形成于清末民初的传统国语分化发展而来的;所谓现实基础,则是指中国大陆地区的普通话,这一点可以从与基础方言的关系、普通话的国际地位、汉语国际传播的实际和海外华语的现实及发展等方面找到充分的依据。基于这一认识,文章提出一个口号:尊重历史,正视现实。另外文章还指出,观察和分析华语,应该有历史和现实两个视角,或者说华语有历时和共时两个维度。

Abstract

Concerning the different concepts of Huayu in different regions, there are two opinions: one considers them as the same concept with different connotations; another as varieties of the same language in different speech communities. The notion of Huayu has both historical and contemporary dimensions. The historical dimension refers to the regional varieties of Chinese whose standard was formed at the beginning of Republican period. The foundation of the contemporary varieties is based on Putonghua used in mainland China. We will discuss these issues from the perspectives of the relationships between regional dialects, the international status of Putonghua, the reality of the international promotion of Chinese, the actual situation of the promotion of Chinese worldwide, and the reality and future development of overseas Chinese varieties. This paper argues that we should respect history and confront reality in looking at the historical and contemporary dimensions of Huayu. In other words, the notion of Huayu needs to be treated both synchronically and diachronically.

About the authors

晏斌 刁

刁晏斌为北京师范大学文学院教授,现代汉语研究所所长,北京师范大学全球华语比较研究中心主任。中国语言学会理事,中国语文现代化学会常务理事兼两岸语言文字研究分会会长。研究方向包括现代汉语史,当代汉语,两岸四地华语对比等。他的新作有:《“文革”时期语言研究》,是国内外第一部以文革时期语言为研究对象的专著,2011 年由韩国岭南大学出版社出版;《当代汉语词汇研究》,对新世纪以来诸多词汇现象进行了较有特色的研究,2013 年中国社会科学出版社出版;《海峡两岸及港澳地区若干现代汉语差异与融合现象研究》,对两岸四地词汇和语法方面的一些差异与融合现象进行了较为深入的研究,2014 年商务印书馆出版。

Diao, Yanbin is a professor and the Director of Institute of Modern Chinese Language, School of Chinese Language and Literature at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. He is the council member of the Linguistic Society of China, standing council member of Chinese Language Modernization Society of China (CLMSC), President of the Cross-Strait Comparison Linguistic Research Society. His research interests include the history of modern Chinese language, contemporary Chinese language, comparison research on Huayu in cross-strait four-areas (Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao). His most recent books are Research on the Language of the Culture Revolution (Yeungnam University Press, South Korea, 2011) , Research on Modern Chinese Vocabulary (China Social Sciences Press, 2013), Research on the Diversity and Amalgamation of Modern Chinese in Cross-Strait and Hong Kong-Macao (The Commercial Press, China, 2014).

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English Synopsis (英文简介)

On the Foundation and Connotation of Global Chinese

This article discusses the foundation and connotation of the notion of Global Chinese from the notion the Huayu, or language of the ethnic Chinese/Chinese nation. Earlier, researchers in mainland China usually equated Huayu to standard Mandarin (i.e. Putonghua), Hanyu (language of the Han ethnicity), and modern Chinese, etc. Nowadays, however, academic researchers have a different and new understanding which prefers to regard standard Mandarin (Putonghua), Taiwan Mandarin or Guoyu, and Singaporean Mandarin as standard variants of Huayu. Although more and more researchers have been aware of the differences among the concepts mentioned above, the understanding and recognition of Huayu, and by implication, Global Chinese, still varies. One argument is that Huayu consists of broad and narrow senses. The broad sense refers to the common language of ethnic Chinese as well as regional dialects, while the narrow sense refers to the common language of ethnic Chinese only. Some researchers do not agree with the broad sense and state that Huayu should only refer to the common language of ethnic Chinese in different parts of the world without any reference of regional dialects. Other researchers hold the view that the narrow sense of Huayu refers to the Mandarin in Singapore, while the broad sense refers to all the common Chinese language,including community dialects of overseas Chinese.

The foundation of Huayu has both historical and contemporary dimensions. It is argued in this article that only the two dimensions are considered together can we grasp the connotation of Huayu.

Since the retrocession of Taiwan, the local government started to implement Taiwan Mandarin and finally had it popularized. Taiwan Mandarin here refers to the early modern Chinese of the republican period (i.e. Guoyu), but not the standard Mandarin (i.e. Putonghua) today. In other words, the foundation of Taiwan Mandarin should only be the traditional Guoyu instead of standard Mandarin (Putonghua). It is a similar situation in Hong Kong and Macao where the foundation of written Chinese in these two special administrative regions is traditional Chinese as well. In addition to these regions, Singapore which has the biggest overseas Chinese community has almost the same situation. Mandarin in Singapore had popularized amongst speakers of Chinese dialects without direct influence of standard Chinese (Putonghua), and the written Mandarin in Singaporean textbooks is the written Chinese used in the period of the May 4th Movement (1919). In the case of standard Mandarin or Putonghua in mainland China, it was developed on the basis of modern Chinese in early stage (i.e. Guoyu) as well. However, there is a distinct differentiation between these two varieties. In brief, Taiwan Mandarin and Putonghua are derived from early modern Chinese, whereas varieties of Chinese outside mainland China are not derived from Putonghua. Given the historical context, a definition of Huayu as the ‘common language of ethnic Chinese based on standard Mandarin (i.e. Putonghua)’ would not be sensible, whereas a definition as ‘common language of ethnic Chinese based on early modern Chinese (i.e. Guoyu)’ may be more acceptable.

Today, there is increasing integration of Putonghua and overseas Chinese language varieties. On the one hand, terms used by different overseas Chinese communities come into Putonghua and new expressions continually appear in the written Chinese in mainland China. On the other hand, overseas Chinese language has been influenced by Putonghua as well, drawing the two varieties closer to each other. In brief, the gap between Putonghua and overseas Chinese language, have started to narrow. Convergence and commonalities are increasing. We need to pay more attention to these facts in considering the definition, of Global Chinese.

Another key factor that merits attention is the position and role of Putonghua in the world of Chinese. Tang (2005, 2009) points out that Putonghua is the core of Chinese worldwide from the perspectives of origin, representativeness, purity, centrality, and usage. This article further argues that:

  1. Putonghua is a living dialect with a historical root. This combination of the living and the roots is what other overseas Chinese varieties lack.

  2. Putonghua is one of the six United Nations working languages. No other overseas Chinese language variety has that status.

  3. Mainland China is key to the international promotion of Putonghua. Most foreigners learn Putonghua and simplified Chinese. There are a whole variety of proficiency tests which help to set on the standard of Putonghua.

  4. Overseas Chinese varieties are drawing closer and closer to Putonghua.

Thus, Huayu is ‘a common language of ethnic Chinese based on the modern Chinese in early stage (Guoyu) with Putonghua as the core’.

The issue of the foundation and connotation of Global Chinese is an extremely complex one. History and contemporary reality are the two fundamental perspectives to the understanding of Global Chinese. Any definition needs to consider both the historical developments and what is happening in society today.

Published Online: 2015-4-14
Published in Print: 2015-4-1

©2015 by De Gruyter Mouton

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