Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter November 13, 2018

Assessment of heart rate variability for different somatotype category among adolescents

  • Senthil Kumar Subramanian ORCID logo , Vivek Kumar Sharma EMAIL logo and Rajathi Rajendran

Abstract

Background

Somatotype is a quantified expression of the morphological conformation of a person in terms of three-numeral rating each representing one component; fat (endomorphy), muscle mass (mesomorphy) and bone length (ectomorphy) in the same order. Certain somatotypes are more prone to develop the particular disease. Obesity and overweight are already epidemic among Indian adolescents and are increasing at an alarming rate, and obesity is linked to cardiovascular (CV) risk in this age group. Identifying the heart rate variability (HRV) is an established non-invasive test to identify the CV risk. The objective of this study is to record the HRV data for each somatotype category and to compare the HRV data among these somatotype categories in adolescents.

Methods

The volunteer adolescents in the age group of 12–17 years were classified into a different somatotyping categories based on the Heath Carter somatotyping method. The short-term HRV was recorded in all the subjects using wireless BioHarness 3.0.

Results

Based on the time domain and frequency domain parameters, the parasympathetic activity showed decreasing order as follows: central>ectomorphy>mesomorphy>endomorphy, whereas sympathetic activity showed increasing order as follows: central<ectomorphy<mesomorphy<endomorphy in both boys and girls. Girls have higher parasympathetic activity and lesser sympathetic activity than boys in ectomorphy and mesomorphy. In the central somatotype and endomorphy categories, genders were comparable.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that endomorphy and mesomorphy have poorer autonomic tone when compared to other somatotype categories.


Corresponding author: Dr. Vivek Kumar Sharma, Professor and Head, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India, Phone: 9442529673

Acknowledgments

We thank all the teachers from the JNV School, Kalapet, Puducherry for their support during the study period.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved its submission.

  2. Research funding: None declared.

  3. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  4. Honorarium: None declared.

  5. Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; nor in the decision to submit the report for publication.

References

1. Nuttall FQ. Body mass index: obesity, BMI, and health: a critical review. Nutr Today 2015;50:117–28.10.1097/NT.0000000000000092Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

2. Wise J. Obesity rates rise substantially worldwide. Br Med J 2014;348:3582.10.1136/bmj.g3582Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Raj M. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Indian J Endocr Metab 2012;16:13–9.10.4103/2230-8210.91176Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

4. Heitmann BL, Erikson H, Ellsinger BM, Mikkelsen KL, Larsson B. Mortality associated with body fat, fat-free mass and body mass index among 60-year-old Swedish men-a 22-year follow-up. The study of men born in 1913. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:33–7.10.1038/sj.ijo.0801082Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Deusinger RH. Obesity: overview of prevalence, etiology, and treatment. Phys Ther 2003;83:276–88.10.1093/ptj/83.3.276Search in Google Scholar

6. Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, et al. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell 2007;130:456–69.10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

7. Spargo E, Pratt OE, Daniel PM. Metabolic functions of skeletal muscles of man, mammals, birds and fishes: a review. J Royal Soc Med 1979;72:921–5.10.1177/014107687907201211Search in Google Scholar

8. Carter J. The Heath Carter anthropometric somatotype. Instruction manual. San Deigo, CA, USA: San diego State University, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

9. Huxley R, James WP, Barzi F, Patel JV, Lear SA, Suriyawongpaisal P, et al. Ethnic comparisons of the cross-sectional relationships between measures of body size with diabetes and hypertension. Obes Rev 2008;9(Suppl 1):53–61.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00439.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Nyamdorj R, Qiao Q, Lam TH, Tuomilehto J, Ho SY, Pitkaniemi J, et al. BMI compared with central obesity indicators in relation to diabetes and hypertension in Asians. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1622–35.10.1038/oby.2008.73Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Kuper H, Taylor A, Krishna KV, Ben-Shlomo Y, Gupta R, Kulkarni B, et al. Is vulnerability to cardiometabolic disease in Indians mediated by abdominal adiposity or higher body adiposity. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1239.10.1186/1471-2458-14-1239Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity-related non-communicable diseases: South Asians vs. White Caucasians. Int J Obes 2011;35:167–87.10.1038/ijo.2010.135Search in Google Scholar

13. Singh SP, Sikri G, Garg MK. Body mass index and obesity: tailoring “cut-off” for an Asian Indian male population. Med J Armed Forces India 2008;64:350–3.10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80019-6Search in Google Scholar

14. Gray LJ, Yates T, Davies MJ, Brady E, Webb DR, Sattar N, et al. Defining obesity cut-off points for migrant South Asians. PLoS One 2011;6:e26464.10.1371/journal.pone.0026464Search in Google Scholar

15. Vivek KS, Senthil KS, Vinayathan A, Krishnakumar R, Rajendran R. Somatotyping in adolescents: stratified by sex and physical activity. Int J Anat Appl Physiol 2016;2:32–8.10.19070/2572-7451-160005Search in Google Scholar

16. Longkumer T. Age and sex differences in human body physique and its association with nutrition: a cross-sectional study among the ao children from Nagaland, North-East India. Indian J Nutri 2016;3:132.Search in Google Scholar

17. Singh SP, Sidhu LS. Physique and morphology of Jat-Sikh cyclists of Punjab. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1982;22:185–90.Search in Google Scholar

18. Sidhu LS, Wadhan SP. A study of somatotype distribution of sportsmen specializing in different events. Sports Med 1975;4:13–9.Search in Google Scholar

19. Sodhi HS. Anthropometry and body composition of Indian national volleyball players. Volleyball Tech J 1980;5:59–61.Search in Google Scholar

20. Gaur R, Roy B. Somatotype characteristics of adolescent Rajput girls of Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. Ind J Phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2014;33:159–67.Search in Google Scholar

21. Gakhar I, Malik SL. Age changes and sex differences in somatotypes among the Jats of Delhi. Anthropologist 2002;1:115–25.10.1080/09720073.2002.11890737Search in Google Scholar

22. Singh LD. Somatotypes of the affluent and non-affluent meitei boys of Manipur, India. Anthropologist 2011;13:9–16.10.1080/09720073.2011.11891170Search in Google Scholar

23. Singh LP, Bhasin MK. Somatotype changes in adolescence among Dogras of Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Hum Ecol 1990;1:169–74.10.1080/09709274.1990.11907668Search in Google Scholar

24. Chumlea WC, Siervogel RM, Roche AF, Webb P, Rogers E. Increments across age in body composition for children 10 to 18 years of age. Hum Biol 1983;55:845–52.Search in Google Scholar

25. Seibert TS, Allen DB, Carrel AL. Adolescent obesity and its risks: how to screen and when to refer. J Clin Outcomes Manag 2014;21:87–96.Search in Google Scholar

26. Koleva M, Nacheva A, Boev M. Somatotype and disease prevalence in adults. Rev Environ Health 2002;17:65.10.1515/REVEH.2002.17.1.65Search in Google Scholar

27. Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT, Song TM, Theriault G, Bouchard C. Somatotype and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults. Am J Hum Biol 1997;9:11–9.10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1997)9:1<11::AID-AJHB3>3.0.CO;2-TSearch in Google Scholar

28. Ranjani H, Mehreen TS, Pradeepa R, Anjana RM, Garg R, Anand K, et al. Epidemiology of childhood overweight & obesity in India: a systematic review. Indian J Med Res 2014;143:160–74.10.4103/0971-5916.180203Search in Google Scholar

29. Farah BQ, Barros MV, Balagopal B, Ritti-Dias RM. Heart rate variability and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescent boys. J Pediatr 2014;165:945–50.10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.065Search in Google Scholar

30. Sharma VK, Subramanian SK, Arunachalam V, Rajendran R. Heart Rate Variability in adolescents – normative data stratified by sex and physical activity. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:Cc08–13.10.7860/JCDR/2015/15373.6662Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Subramanian SK, Sharma VK, Arunachalam V, Radhakrishnan K, Ramamurthy S. Effect of structured and unstructured physical activity training on cognitive functions in adolescents – a randomized control trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:Cc04–9.10.7860/JCDR/2015/14881.6818Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Reilly T, Eston R, editors. Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual tests, procedures and data, 3rd ed. London & New York Routledge; Taylor & Francis group, 2009.10.4324/9780203868744Search in Google Scholar

33. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use.Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology. Circulation 1996;93:1043–65.10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043Search in Google Scholar

34. Paolisso G, Manzella D, Montano N, Gambardella A, Varricchio M. Plasma leptin concentrations and cardiac autonomic nervous system in healthy subjects with different body weights. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1810–14.10.1210/jcem.85.5.6511Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Grassi G. Debating sympathetic overactivity as a hallmark of human obesity: a pro’s position. J Hypertens 1999;17:1059–60.10.1097/00004872-199917080-00002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Baum P, Petroff D, Classen J, Kiess W, Bluher S. Dysfunction of autonomic nervous system in childhood obesity: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2013;8:e54546.10.1371/journal.pone.0054546Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Wells GD, Noseworthy MD, Hamilton J, Tarnopolski M, Tein I. Skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 2008;35:31–40.10.1017/S0317167100007538Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Peterson HR, Rothschild M, Weinberg CR, Fell RD, McLeish KR, Pfeifer MA. Body fat and the activity of the autonomic nervous system. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1077–83.10.1056/NEJM198804283181701Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Sheema UK, Malipatil BS. A cross-sectional study on effect of body mass index on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2015;5:250–2.10.5455/njppp.2015.5.2301201532Search in Google Scholar

40. Swikruti Behera1 DD. Correlation of body mass index, body fat percentage and fat-free mass index with autonomic nervous function. Int J Contemp Med Res 2017;4:3.Search in Google Scholar

41. Kim BJ, Kwak MK, Ahn SH, Kim H, Lee SH, Song KH, et al. Lower bone mass and higher bone resorption in pheochromocytoma: importance of sympathetic activity on human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:2711–8.10.1210/jc.2017-00169Search in Google Scholar

42. Wang J, Rennie KL, Gu W, Li H, Yu Z, Lin X. Independent associations of body-size adjusted fat mass and fat-free mass with the metabolic syndrome in Chinese. Ann Hum Biol 2009;36:110–21.10.1080/03014460802585079Search in Google Scholar

43. Weise CM, Thiyyagura P, Reiman EM, Chen K, Krakoff J. Fat-free body mass but not fat mass is associated with reduced gray matter volume of cortical brain regions implicated in autonomic and homeostatic regulation. NeuroImage 2013;64:712–21.10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.005Search in Google Scholar

44. Dart AM, Du X-J, Kingwell BA. Gender, sex hormones and autonomic nervous control of the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:678–87.10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00508-9Search in Google Scholar

45. Hart EC, Joyner MJ. The curse of the sympathetic nervous system: are men or women more unfortunate? J Physiol 2010;588(pt 22):4345–6.10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199935Search in Google Scholar

46. Maric C. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women with diabetes. Gend Med 2010;7:551–56.10.1016/j.genm.2010.11.007Search in Google Scholar

47. Kalichman L, Livshits G, Kobyliansky E. Association between somatotypes and blood pressure in an adult Chuvasha population. Ann Hum Biol 2004;31:466–76.10.1080/03014460412331281728Search in Google Scholar

48. Williams SR, Goodfellow J, Davies B, Bell W, McDowell I, Jones E. Somatotype and angiographically determined atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in men. Am J Hum Biol 2000;12:128–38.10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200001/02)12:1<128::AID-AJHB14>3.0.CO;2-XSearch in Google Scholar

49. Julius S, Nesbitt S. Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension. A moving target. Am J Hypertens 1996;9:113–20.10.1016/0895-7061(96)00287-7Search in Google Scholar

50. Malpas SC. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Physiol Rev 2010;90:513–57.10.1152/physrev.00007.2009Search in Google Scholar

51. Smith MM, Minson CT. Obesity and adipokines: effects on sympathetic overactivity. J Physiol 2012;590(Pt 8):1787–801.10.1113/jphysiol.2011.221036Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central


Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0104).


Received: 2018-06-07
Accepted: 2018-10-01
Published Online: 2018-11-13

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 28.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0104/html
Scroll to top button