Abstract
This article assesses how information and communication technologies (ICTs) hindered the effectiveness of public sector organizational networks in the City of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. The analysis examines three disaster response networks responsible for disaster planning and preparedness whose primary tasks focused on evacuation, shelter, first response, and public protection. The temporal period under discussion is the immediate days prior to and after Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans, Friday, August 26, 2005 to Sunday, September 4, 2005. We discuss the status of policies instituted by the federal government, the status of local disaster planning in New Orleans, the theoretical underpinnings and empirical research on communication, ICTs, and the role of organizational networks in public administration, and summarize findings from the small corpus of research on organizational network effectiveness during and after Hurricane Katrina. Our study relies on grounded theory to document how failures of technology, communication, information sharing, and management contributed to reducing organizational network effectiveness and discusses some of the reasons for network failure during the response to Hurricane Katrina. We focus on the need for critical resources and structural conditions that prevented local organizational networks from operating effectively and efficiently. We conclude with an analysis of the continuing relevance of Hurricane Katrina by comparing events that took place following Hurricane Sandy and with series of recommendations for assessing the probability of future disasters including use of a different theoretical framework, social-ecological system thinking; a commitment to and investment in metrics, indicators, and data to measure progress towards resilience; significant investments to harden and redesign key infrastructure; and the adoption of an international perspective to inform national policies and practices.
Appendix A
List of Disaster Response Organizations in Networks One, Two and Three
Network One: Citizen Evacuation and Shelter
New Orleans Office of the Mayor
New Orleans City Attorney’s Office
New Orleans Chief Administrative Office
New Orleans Emergency Operations Center
New Orleans Convention and Visitors Bureau
Office of the Governor, Louisiana
New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
Regional Transit Authority
Orleans Parish School Board
Amtrak
New Orleans Ferry System
New Orleans Police Department
New Orleans Fire Department
New Orleans Health Department
Louisiana State Police
Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
Louisiana National Guard
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans Emergency Medical Services
New Orleans Louis Armstrong International Airport
Cruise Ships
Port of New Orleans
New Orleans Morial Convention Center
Network Two: Emergency Public Information and Warning
New Orleans Office of the Mayor
New Orleans Office of Communications
New Orleans Emergency Operations Center
New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
New Orleans Police Department
New Orleans Fire Department
New Orleans Emergency Medical Services
New Orleans Health Department
New Orleans Office of Public Advocacy
New Orleans Public Library
New Orleans Coroner’s Office
National Weather Service
WDSU-TV
WVUE-TV
WGNO-TV
WLMG-FM
WWL-AM
The Times Picayune
Cox Communications
Network Three: Public Safety and Security
New Orleans Office of the Mayor
New Orleans City Attorney’s Office
New Orleans District Attorney’s Office
New Orleans Emergency Operations Center
New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
New Orleans Police Department
New Orleans Fire Department
New Orleans Sheriff’s Office
New Orleans Civil Sheriff’s Office
Louisiana State Police
Louisiana Department of Corrections
Louisiana National Guard
Orleans Parish Civil District Court
Orleans Parish Prison
New Orleans Harbor Police
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