Show Summary Details

Open Mathematics

formerly Central European Journal of Mathematics

Editor-in-Chief: Gianazza, Ugo / Vespri, Vincenzo

1 Issue per year

IMPACT FACTOR 2015: 0.512

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2015: 0.521
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2015: 1.233
Impact per Publication (IPP) 2015: 0.546

Mathematical Citation Quotient (MCQ) 2015: 0.39

Open Access
Online
ISSN
2391-5455
See all formats and pricing

On homological classification of pomonoids by GP-po-flatness of S-posets

Xingliang Liang
• Corresponding author
• Department of Mathematics, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi 710021, China
• School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
• Email:
/ Xinyang Feng
• School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
• Email:
/ Yanfeng Luo
• School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
• Email:
Published Online: 2016-10-24 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2016-0070

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce GP-po-flatness property of S-posets over a pomonoid S, which lies strictly between principal weak po-flatness and po-torsion freeness. Furthermore, we investigate the homological classification problems of pomonoids by using this new property. Finally, we consider direct products of GP-po-flat S-posets. As an application, characterizations of pomonoids over which direct products of nonempty families of principally weakly po-flat S-posets are principally weakly po-flat are obtained, and some results of Khosravi, R. in a certain extent are generalized.

MSC 2010: 06F05; 20M50

1 Introduction

Let S be a monoid. It is well-known that flatness properties of S-acts play an important role in studying the homological classification problems of monoids. Different so-called flatness properties (freeness, projectivity, strong flatness, Conditions (P), (WP), (PWP), flatness, weak flatness, principal weak flatness, torsion freeness) of S-acts have been widely used in the homological classification of monoids. A recent and complete treatment of these flatness properties of S-acts appears in the monograph [1].

The study of flatness properties of partially ordered acts over a pomonoid S, or S-posets, was initiated by Fakhruddin, S. M. in the 1980s, see [2, 3]. During recent years, the ordered versions of various flatness properties of acts are defined (in a natural way) and studied [47], and also some new properties such as Conditions (Pw), (WP)w and (PWP)w are discovered in the studying process, see [4]. More particularly, some classes of pomonoids, such as (po-)cancellable, left PP, left PSF, (order) regular, regularly almost regular and poperfect pomonoids etc., are characterized by using flatness properties of S-posets.

In [8], Qiao and Wei introduced GP-flatness of acts and showed that the class of acts having this property lies strictly between the classes of principally weakly flat acts and torsion free acts. Moreover, using GP-flatness, some important monoids are generalized, such as regular monoids, left almost regular monoids and so on, and also a new class of monoids, called generally regular monoids, are characterized. Our aim in this paper is to carry over some of these results to the setting of S-posets over a pomonoid S. Firstly, in Section 2, we define GP-po-flat S-posets, and describe GP-po-flatness by certain subpullback diagrams. We then give an equivalent condition under which the amalgamated coproduct A(I) of two copies of Sover a proper ideal I is GP-po-flat in Section 3. In Section 4, we characterize pomonoids Sover which all (cyclic, Rees factor) S-posets are GP-po-flat, and pomonoids Sover which all po-torsion free S-posets are GP-po-flat. Moreover, we present examples which distinguish between GP-po-flatness and principal weak po-flatness (respectively, po-torsion freeness).

Flatness properties of product acts over a monoid have been extensively studied in recent decades, see [911]. However, the research on flatness properties of product S-posets over a pomonoid S is so far less advanced. To our knowledge, the work on this aspect first appeared in [12]. In that paper, the author gave conditions on a pomonoid Sunder which the S-poset SI is principally weakly po-flat for each nonempty set I. Moreover, the author proved that direct products of S-posets satisfying Condition (P) (Conditions (E) and (Pw)) again satisfy that condition, if and only if the S-poset SI is so for each nonempty set I. However, the situation for GP-po-flatness and principal weak po-flatness is markedly different. Thereby, in Section 5, we determine a condition under which principal weak po-flat and GP-po-flat S-posets are preserved under direct products, and extend some results from [12].

2 Definitions and general properties

Throughout this paper, S always stands for a pomonoid and ℕ for the set of natural numbers. A nonempty poset (A, ≤) is called a right S-poset, usually denoted AS, if there exists a mapping A × SA, (a, s) ↦ as, which satisfies the conditions: (1) the action is monotonic in each variable, (2) a(ss′) = (as)s′ and a = a for all a aA and s, s′ ∈ S. Left S-posets SB are defined analogously, and by ΘS = {θ} we denote the one-element right S-poset. A nonempty subset I of S is called a left ideal of S if I satisfies SII, whereas an ordered left ideal I of S is a left ideal I of S for which abI implies aI for all a, bS. Similarly, (ordered) right ideals of S are defined.

Various flatness properties are defined in terms of tensor products. To define the tensor product AS B of a right S-poset AS and a left S-poset SB [7], we first equip the Cartesian product A × B with component-wise order. Let AS B = (A × B)/ρ, where ρ is the order-congruence on the right S-poset A × B (on which Sacts trivially) generated by the relation $H={((as,b),(a,sb), (a,sb))|a∈A,b∈B,s∈S}.$

The equivalence class of (a, b) in AS B is denoted by ab. The order relation on AS B will be described in Lemma 2.3. In this way, a functor AS ⊗ from the category of left S-posets into the category of posets is obtained. It is easily established, as for S-acts, that AS S can be equipped with a natural right S-action, and AS SAS for all S-posets AS.

In S-acts, principal weak flatness and GP-flatness are formulated as follows.

• An S-act AS is called principally weakly flat if the functor AS ⊗ — (from the category of left S-acts to the category of sets) preserves all embeddings of principal left ideals of a monoid S into S. In the language of elements this means that, for any s ∈ S and a, a′ ∈ A, as = a′s in As S implies as = a′s in As Ss (see [1, III, Lemma 10.1]).

• An S-act AS is called GP-flat [8] if for any a, a′ ∈ A and s ∈ S, as = a′ ⊗ s in As S implies that there exists n e N such that a ⊗ sn = a′ ⊗ sn in As Ssn.

In [6], Shi introduced an ordered version of principal weak flatness as follows.

• An S-poset AS is called principally weakly po-flat if the functor AS ⊗ — preserves order embeddings of principal left ideals I of a monoid S into S. This means, for any s ∈ S and a, a′ ∈ A, as < a′s in As S implies as < a′s in As Ss.

Inspired by the work of [6] and generalizing [8], we define here GP-po-flatness property in S-posets.

Definition 2.1: A right S-poset AS is called GP-po-flat if for any a, a′ ∈ A and s ∈ S, a ⊗ sa′ ⊗ s in A ⊗s S implies that there exists n ∈ ℕ such that a ⊗ sna′sn in As Ssn.

Indeed, the example from [7] shows that GP-po-flat S-posets do exist. For any pomonoid S, let A = {a, a′} be a two-elements chain with a < a′ and as = a, a's = a′ for every s ∈ S. Then A is a right S-poset. We can verify that A is GP-po-flat by Definition 2.1.

Remark 2.2: In Definition 2.1, if n = 1, then every GP-po-flat S -poset is in fact principally weakly po-flat. So principal weak po-flatness implies GP-po-flatness, but in Section 4 we will show that this implication is strict.

Similar to principal weak flatness of S-posets, GP-flatness for S-posets can be defined by replacing “≤” by “=” in Definition 2.1. It is obvious that every GP-po-flat S -poset is GP-flat, but the converse is not true by [13, Example 8].

In what follows, we will provide some basic properties about GP-po-flat S-posets. We start with a description of GP-po-flatness, and the following lemma is needed.

Lemma 2.3 ([7]): Let AS be a right S-poset, and SB a left S-poset. Then aba′bin A ⊗S B for a, a′ ∈ A, b, b’ ∈ B if and only if there exist a1, a2, ⋯, an ∈ A, b2, ⋯, bn ∈ B and s1, t1, ∈, sn, tn ∈ S such that $a≤a1s1a1t1≤a2s2s1≤t1b2⋯⋯antn≤a′snbn≤tnb′$

Applying Definition 2.1 and Lemma 2.3, the following result holds.

Lemma 2.4: A right S-poset AS is GP-po-flat if and only if for any a, a′ ∈ A and s ∈ S, AS ≥ a's in AS implies that there exist m, n ∈ ℕ, a1, a2, ⋯, am ∈ A and s1, t1, ⋯, sm, tm ∈ S such that $a≤a1s1a1t1≤a2s2s1≤t1sn⋯⋯amtm≤a′smsn≤tnsn.$

In the above lemma, the natural numbers m and n are called the length and degree of the scheme connecting (a, sn) to (a′, sn) respectively. In particular, the minimum length and degree of the existing schemes will be denoted by ls(a, a′) and ds(a, a′), respectively.

Recall that an element c of a pomonoid S is called rightpo-cancellable if, for any s, t ∈ S, sctc implies st .A right S-poset AS is called po-torsion free if, for any a, bA and any right po-cancellable element c of S, acbc implies ab.

The following result, which counterpart is true for S-acts, establishes a connection between GP-po-flatness and po-torsion freeness for S-posets.

Proposition 2.5: For any pomonoid S, every GP-po-flat S-poset is po-torsion free.

Proof: Using Lemma 2.4, the proof is routine.

Note that Example 4.18 below illustrates in particular that the necessary condition in the above proposition is not sufficient. But, for a right po-cancellable pomonoid, GP-po-flatness coincides with po-torsion freeness.

Corollary 2.6: Let SBe a right po-cancellable pomonoid and AS a right S-poset. Then the following statements are equivalent.

1. AS satisfies Condition (PWP)w.

2. AS is principally weakly po-flat.

3. AS is GP-po-flat.

4. AS is po-torsion free.

At the end of this section, we give a characterization of GP-po-flatness By using subpullback diagrams. For information on subpullback diagrams in the category of S-posets, we refer the reader to [4, 15].

Proposition 2.7: Let AS be a right S-poset. The following statements are equivalent.

1. AS is GP-po-flat.

2. Every subpullback diagram P(Ss, Ss, ι, ι, S), where s ∈ S and ι : S (Ss) → SS is an order-embedding of left S-posets, satisfies the following condition: $(∀a,a′∈A)(∀u,υ,s∈S) [a⊗ι(us)≤a′⊗ι(vs)⇒[(∃n∈ℕ)(∃a″∈A)(∃u′,υ′∈S)(ι(u′sn)≤ι(υ′sn) ∧a⊗usn≤a″⊗u′sn∧a″⊗υ′sn≤a′⊗υsn].$

Proof: (1) ⇒ (2). Let a ⊗ ι(us) ≤ a′ ⊗ ι(vs) in As S, for any a, a′ ∈ A, u, v, s ∈ S, and an order-embedding ι : S(Ss) → sS. Denoting ι(s) = t we have a ⊗ ut ≤ a′ ⊗ vt in As S, and so auta′vt in AS. Since AS is GP-po-flat, by Lemma 2.4, there exists a scheme $au≤a1s1a1t1≤a2s2s1tn≤t1tn⋯⋯amtm≤a′υsmtn≤tmsn,$ where m, n ∈ ℕ, aiA, si, tiS, i = 1, ⋯, m. Since ι is an order-embedding, from ι(s) = t, we can see that the above scheme implies ausna′vsn in As (Ssn). Then we have ausnausn and ausn = ausna′vsn = a′vsn in As (Ssn), exactly as needed.(2) ⇒ (1). Assume a, a′ ∈ A and sS are such that asa′s in As S. Now consider the order-embedding ι : S(Ss) → SS. Then we have aι(s) ≤ a′ι(s) in As S. By (2), there exist n ∈ ℕ, a″ ∈ A and u, vS such that asna″usn and a″vsna′sn in As (Ssn), and ι(usn) ≤ ι(vsn). Since ι is an order-embedding, the last inequality implies usnvsn. Thus we may compute that asna″usna″vsna′sn in AS (Ssn). This means that AS is GP-po-flat.

3 GP-po-flatness of the S-poset A(I)

Let I be a proper right ideal of a pomonoid S. As it is known, the amalgamated coproduct A(I) of two copies of S over I is an important tool to study the homological classification of pomonoids. In this section, we will investigate GP-po-flatness of the S-poset A(I).

Suppose that I is a proper right ideal of a pomonoid S. For any x, y, zS, let A(I) = ({x, y} (SI)) ∪ ({z} × I). Define a right S-action on A(I) by $(x,u)s={(x,us), if us∉I,(z,us), if us∈I,(y,u)s={(y,us), if us∉I,(z,us), if us∈I,(z,u)=(z,us).$

The order on A(I) is defined by $(w1,s)≤(w2,t)⇔(w1=w2,s≤t) or (w1≠w2,s≤i≤t for some i∈I)$

In [16] it is proved that A(I) is a right S-poset.

We now present an equivalent condition under which A(I) is GP-po-flat. This condition will be useful to characterize pomonoids over which all S-posets are GP-po-flat

Proposition 3.1: Let I be a proper right ideal of a pomonoid S. Then the right S-poset A(I) is GP-po-flat if and only if, for every u, v, s ∈ S and i ∈ I, $us≤i≤us⇒(∃n∈ℕ)(∃j∈I)(usn≤jsn≤usn).$

Proof: Necessity. Suppose that the right S-poset A(I) is GP-po-flat. If usivs for u, v, sS and iI, then there are two cases to be considered:Case 1. uI or vI. Then we have usI or vs>I, and so it suffices to take j = u or j = v.Case 2. uI and vI. Then we have two possibilities.Subcase 1. usI or vsI. If usI, then (x, u)s ≤ (y, u)s in A(I) Since A(I) is GP-po-flat, by Lemma 2.4, there exist m, n ∈ ℕ, and (w2, u1, ⋯, (wm, um) ∈ A(I), s1, t1, ⋯, sm, tmS such that $(x,u)≤(w1,u1)s1(w1,u1)t1≤(w2,u2)s2s1sn≤t1sn(w2,u2)t2≤(w3,u3)s3s2sn≤t2sn⋯⋯(wm,um)tm≤(y,u)smsn≤tmsn.$

Denote x by w0 and y by wn + 1, then there exists k ∈ {0, 1, ⋯, m} such that wkwk + i, and so, according to the order relation on A(I) there exists jI suchthat uk tkjuk+1sk+1. Thus we can compute that $usn≤u1s1sn≤⋯≤uktksn≤jsn≤uk+1sk+1sn≤⋯≤umtmsn≤usn.$

But the order is antisymmetric, we have usn = jsn, the result follows. If vsI, a similar argument can be used.

Subcase 2. usI and vsI .By definition of the order on A(I) we have (x, u)s ≤ (y, v)s. The remainder of the proof is similar to the Subcase 1.

From what has been discussed above, we obtain the desired conclusion.

Sufficiency. Assume (w1, u), (w2, v) ∈ A(I) where w1, w2 ∈ {x, y, z} and u, v, sS are suchthat (w1, u) ⊗ s ≤ (w2, v) ⊗ s in A(I) ⊗s S. Then we have four cases as follows:

Case 1. (w1, u), (w2, v) ∈ (x, 1)S. Since (x, 1)SS is free, it follows that (x, 1)S is GP-po-flat, and so (w1, u) ⊗ sn ≤ (w2, v) ∈ sn holds in (x, 1)SS Ssn for some n ∈ ℕ, and hence also in A(I) ⊗S Ssn, exactly as needed.

Case 2. (w1, u), (w2, v) ∈ (y, 1)S. This case is analogous to the previous one.

Case 3. w1 = x and w2 = y. In this case, it necessarily implies u, vSI. Then we have (x, u)s ≤ (y, v)s in A(I) and so there exists iI such that usivs. By the assumed condition, there exist n ∈ ℕ and jI such that usnjsnvsn, then we can calculate that, in A(I) ⊗S Ssn, $(x,u)⊗sn=(x,1)⊗usn≤(x,1)⊗jsn=(z,j)⊗sn =(y,1) j⊗sn=jsn≤(y,1)⊗usn=(y,v)⊗sn.$

Case 4. w1 = y and w2 = x. This is similar to the Case 3.

In conclusion, A(I) is GP-po-flat, and the proof is complete.

4 Homological classification of pomonoids

Based on the preparation of the previous section, in this section, we are going to consider the homological classification of pomonoids by GP-po-flatness of (cyclic, Rees factor) S-posets.

Recall that a pomonoid S is called regular, if for every sS, there exists xS such that s = sxs.

Definition 4.1: A pomonoid S is called generally regular, if for every sS, there exist n ∈ ℕ and xS such that sn = sxsn

It is obvious that every regular pomonoid is generally regular. But, [8, Example 3.3] shows that the converse is not true in general.

Using the amalgamated coproduct A(I) we first give a characterization of pomonoids S over which all S-posets are GP-po-flat. Its corresponding result for S-acts is true (see [8, Theorem 3.4]).

Theorem 4.2: For any pomonoid S, the following statements are equivalent.

1. All right S-posets are GP-po-flat.

2. All right S-posets satisfying Condition (E) are GP-po-flat.

3. S is a generally regular pomonoid.

Proof: The implication (1) ⇒ (2) is clear.(2) ⇒ (3). For any sS, if sS = S, then there exists xS such that s = sxs. Otherwise, I = sS is a proper right ideal of S, by [16, Lemma 2.4], A(I) satisfies Condition (E) and so A(I) is GP-po-flat. In view of Proposition 3.1, from the inequalities 1 ⋅ ss ≤ 1 ⋅ s we obtain n ∈ ℕ and jI with snjsnsn. This means that there exists xS such that j = sx, and so sn = sxsn, as required.(3) ⇒ (1). It is straightforward to verify.

From Theorem 4.2 we can deduce the following.

Corollary 4.3: For a commutative pomonoid S, the following statements are equivalent.

1. All right S-posets are GP-po-flat.

2. For every sS, there exist n ∈ ℕ and xS such that sn = snxsn.

We stated that in view of Proposition 2.5, GP-po-flatness implies po-torsion freeness, but the converse is not true. So we naturally consider the question of when all po-torsion free S-posets are GP-po-flat.

The following definition is a generalization of the duality for regularly right almost regular pomonoids which is introduced by Zhang and Laan in [17].

Definition 4.4: An element s of S is called generally regularly left almost regular, if there exist natural numbers m, n ∈ ℕ, elements r, r1, ⋯, rm, s1, s2, ⋯, sm, ${{s}^{\prime }}_{1},{{s}^{\prime }}_{2},\cdots {s}_{m,}\in S$, and right po-cancellable elements c1, c2, ⋯ cmS such that $s1c1≤sr1≤s′1c1s2c2≤s1r2≤s11r2≤s′1r2≤s′2c2 ⋯smcm≤sm−1rm≤s′m−1rm≤s′mcmsn=smsn=s′msn.$ In particular, when n = 1, we say the element s of S is regularly left almost regular.A pomonoid S is (generally) regularly left almost regular (denoted by (G)RLAR for short) if all its elements are (generally) regularly left almost regular.It is easy to see that every (generally) regular pomonoid is (G)RLAR, and every RLAR pomonoid is GRLAR. But Example 4.5 below and [8, Example 3.3] illustrate that these two implications are both strict, respectively.

Example 4.5: ((G)RLAR) (generally) regular). Let S = 〈 e, s, c | e2 = e, es = se = ec = ce = s, sc = cs = s2〉. Equip S with the order induced by the relations e < s and s < s2, thereby, obtaining a commutative pomonoid S. Actually, S = {1, e, sk, ck (k ∈ ℕ), and the elements of the form ck (k ∈ ℕ) and 1 are the only po-cancellable elements. It is not dificult to see that ∈ and 1 are the only regular elements. But since eck = sk and sk = esk, the elements of the form sk (k ∈ ℕ) are also RLAR, although they are not generally regular. This shows that there exists a pomonoid, which is not (generally) regular, is (G)RLAR.

Proposition 4.6: If S is a GRLAR pomonoid, then all po-torsion free right S-posets are GP-po-flat.

Proof: Let S be a GRLAR pomonoid. Assume AS is a po-torsion free S-poset. Let as ≤ a′ s for a, a′ ∈ A and sS. Since s is GRLAR, there exist m, n ∈ ℕ, r, r1, ⋯, rm, s1, s2, ⋯, sm, ${{s}^{\prime }}_{1},{{s}^{\prime }}_{2},\cdots {s}_{m,}\in S$, and right po-cancellable elements c1, c2, ⋯, cmS such that $s1c1≤sr1≤s′1c1s2c2≤s1r2≤s′1r2≤s′2c2 ⋯smcm≤sm−1rm≤s′m−1rm≤s′m−1rm≤s′mcmsn=smsn=s′msn.$ Using the first inequality we get $a{s}_{1}{c}_{1}\underset{_}{<}as{r}_{1}\underset{_}{<}{a}^{\prime }s{r}_{1}\underset{_}{<}{a}^{\prime }{{s}^{\prime }}_{1}{c}_{1}$. Since AS is po-torsion free, we see that $a{s}_{1}\underset{_}{<}{a}^{\prime }{{s}^{\prime }}_{1}$. Further, for the second inequality, we have $a{s}_{2}{c}_{2}\underset{_}{<}a{s}_{1}{r}_{2}\underset{_}{<}{a}^{\prime }{s}_{1}^{\prime }{r}_{2}\underset{_}{<}{a}^{\prime }{s}_{2}^{\prime }{c}_{2}$. So po-torsion freeness of AS implies $a{s}_{2}\underset{_}{<}{a}^{\prime }{{s}^{\prime }}_{2}$. In this way we finally arrive at $a{s}_{m}\le {a}^{\prime }{{s}^{\prime }}_{m}$, and so we can now compute that $a⊗sn=a⊗smsn=asm⊗s≤a′s′m⊗s=a′⊗s′msn=a′⊗sn$ in AS Ssn. This means that AS is GP-po-flat.

In particular, when n = 1 in the proof of the above proposition, we can deduce

Corollary 4.7: If S is a RLAR pomonoid, then all po-torsion free right S- posets are principally weakly flat.

In addition, from [4] we remark that Condition (PWP)w implies GP-po-flatness, but [4, Example 6.3] shows that this implication is strict. So it is natural to ask for pomonoids over which GP-po-flatness of S-posets implies Condition (PWP)w. To reach the target, we need some more preliminary material.

Recall that a pomonoid S is called left PSF if all principal left ideal of S is strongly flat (as a left S-poset). It is shown in [6] that a pomonoid S is left PSF if and only if for s, t, uS, sutu implies that there exists rS such that ru = u and srtr.

Lemma 4.8: The following statements on a pomonoid S are equivalent.

1. For every proper right ideal I of S there exists jIIj.

2. For every infinite sequence (x0, x1 x2, ⋯) with xi = xi+1 xi, xiS, i = 0, 1, ⋯, there exists a positive integer n such that xn = xn+1= ⋯ = 1.

Proof: A similar argument as [18, Proposition 2.1] can be used.

The following proposition is the ordered analogue of [10, Proposition 2.5]. The technique for the proof is taken from the unordered case.

Lemma 4.9: Let S be a left PSF it pomonoid. Then the following statements are equivalent.

1. AS is GP-po-flat.

2. For any a, a′ ∈ A, s ∈ S, as ≤ a′s implies that there exist n ∈ ℕ and u ∈ S such that usn = sn and au ≤ a′u.

Now we can address the above matter.

Theorem 4.10: Let S be a left PSF pomonoid and 1 the identity of S, in which 1 is incomparable with every other element of S. Iffor every proper right ideal I of S there exists i ∈ I-Ii, then all GP-po-flat right S-posets satisfy Condition (PWP)w.

Proof: Suppose that AS is a GP-po-flat right S-poset. Let asa′s for a, a′A and sS. Then by Lemma 4.9, there exist n ∈ ℕ, uS such that aua′u and usn = n. Since S is left PSF, from usnsn we get x1S with x1sn=sn and ux1x1. Further, from the inequality ux1x1 we obtain x2S with x2x1 = x1 and ux22. By continuing this process, letting x0 = sn we can find an infinite sequence (x0, x1, ⋯), such that $xi+1xj=xj, uxj<_xj, i=0,1, ⋯$ By Lemma 4.8, there exists a positive integer m such that xm = xm + 1 = ⋯ = 1. Thus, we get u ≤ 1. But 1 is isolated, we obtain u = 1 and so a ≤ a′. This shows that AS satisfies Condition (PWP)w.

Notice that the proof of the above theorem also allows us to deduce the following.

Theorem 4.11: Let S be a left PSF pomonoid and 1 the identity of S, in which 1 is either the minimal or the maximal element of S. If for every proper right ideal I of S there exists i ∈ I-Ii, then all GP-po-flat right S-posets satisfy Condition (PWP)w.

Next, we turn our attention to GP-po-flatness of cyclic S-posets. We need some more preliminary material.

Recall that a relation σ on an S-poset AS is called a pseudo-order on AS if it is transitive, compatible with the S-action, and contains the relation ≤ on AS. For information pertaining to pseudo-orders on S-posets, we refer the reader to [19], and for further information about order congruence on S-posets to [13, 20].

Suppose ρ is a right order congruence on a pomonoid S. Define a relation $\stackrel{^}{\rho }$ by $sρ^t⇔[s]ρ<¯[t]ρin S/ρ.$

It is clear that $\stackrel{^}{\rho }$ is a pseudo-order on SS.

The following lemma is useful in dealing with GP-po-flat cyclic S-posets.

Lemma 4.12: Let ρ be a right order congruence on S and s ∈ S. Then [u]ρ⊗sn≤[v]ρ⊗sn in S/ρ⊗sSsn for u, v ∈ S and n ∈ ℕ, if and only if $\left(u,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v\right)\in \stackrel{^}{\rho }\bigsqcup \stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{ker}}{\rho }_{{s}^{n}}$.

Proof: It is similar to that of [20, Lemma 3.18].

Proposition 4.13: Let ρ be a right order congruence on S. Then S\ρ is GP-po-flat if and only if for u, v, s ∈ S, [us]ρ≤[vs]ρ implies $\left(u,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v\right)\in \stackrel{^}{\rho }\bigsqcup \stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{ker}}{\rho }_{{s}^{n}}$ for some n ∈ ℕ.

Proof: Necessity. Let [us]ρ ≤ [vs]ρ in S/ρ for u, v, sS. Then we have [u]ρs ≤ [v]ρs, and so [u]ρs ≤ [v]ρs in S/ρ ⊗SS. Since S/ρ is GP-po-flat, we have [u]ρsn ≤ [v]ρsn in S/ρ ⊗SSsn for some n ∈ ℕ. This implies that $\left(u,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v\right)\in \stackrel{^}{\rho }\bigsqcup \stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{ker}}{\rho }_{{s}^{n}}$ by Lemma 4.12.Sufficiency. If [u]ρs ≤ [v]ρs in S/ρ, then [us]ρ ≤ [vs]ρ, and so by assumption, $\left(u,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v\right)\in \stackrel{^}{\rho }\bigsqcup \stackrel{\to }{\mathrm{ker}}{\rho }_{{s}^{n}}$ for some n ∈ ℕ. Lemma 4.12 implies that [u]ρsn ≤ [v]ρsn in S/ρ ⊗SSsn. Therefore, S/ρ is GP-po-flat.

Proposition 4.13 immediately implies the following fact about one-element S-posets.

Corollary 4.14: For any pomonoid S, the one-element S-poset ΘS is GP-po-flat.

Recall that a subpomonoid P of a pomonoid S is called convex, if P = [P] where $[P]={x∈S|∃p, q∈P, p<¯x<¯q}.$

For Rees factor S-posets, we have the following description of GP-po-flatness.

Proposition 4.15: Let K be a convex, proper right ideal of a pomonoid S. Then the right Rees factor S-poset S/K is GP-po-flat if and only if, for every k ∈ K and u, s ∈ S, $k<_us⇒(∃n∈N)(∃k′∈K)(k′sn<_usn)andus<_k⇒(∃n∈N)(∃k″∈K)(usn<_k″sn).$

Proof: Necessity. Assume first that the right Rees factor S-poset S/K is GP-po-flat. Let kK and u, sS with kus. Then we see [ks]ρK ≤ [us]ρK in S/K and so, GP-po-flatness of S/K implies that [1]ρKksn ≤ [1]ρKusn in S/KSSsn for some n ∈ ℕ. In view of [13, Lemma 4], if ksnusn, there is nothing to prove. Otherwise, there exists an array $ksn<_k1snk1′sn<_k2sn⋯km′sn<_usn$ for some ${k}_{j},{k}_{i}^{\prime }\in K,i=1,\cdots ,m$. The last line of this array gives what we want. In case usk, a similar argument can be used.Sufficiency. Suppose that u, v, sS are such that [u]ρKs ≤ [v]ρKs in S/KS S. Then we see [us]ρK ≤ [vs]ρK in S/K. In light of [13, Lemma 3.1], if usvs, then immediately [1]ρKus ≤ [1]ρKus, the result follows. Otherwise, usk and lvs for some k, lK. By the assumed condition, there exist n1, n2 ∈ ℕ and k', l'K such that usn1k'sn1 and l'sn2vsn2. Set n = max {n1, n2}. Then usnk'sn and l'snvsn, and so we may now compute that $[u]ρK⊗sn=[1]ρK⊗usn<¯[1]ρK⊗k′sn=[k′]ρK⊗sn=[l′]ρK⊗sn<¯[1]⊗l′sn=[v]ρK⊗sn$ in S/KS Ssn, and the proof is complete.

In [8], Qiao and Wei proved that generally regular monoids are precisely the monoids over which all Rees factor S-acts are GP-flat. We shall prove an analogue of this result for S-posets.

Theorem 4.16: For any pomonoid S, the following statements are equivalent.

1. All Rees factor right S-posets are GP-po-flat.

2. For every sS, there exist n ∈ ℕ, s′, s″S such that ss'snsnss''sn.

Proof: (1) ⇒ (2). For every sS, [sS] is a convex right ideal of S. If [sS] = S, then there exist w, vS such that sw ≤ 1 ≤ sv. Postmultiplying by sn for any n ∈ ℕ we obtain swsnsnsvsn, exactly as needed. If [sS] ≠ S then [sS] is a convex, proper right ideal of S. Obviously, s ∈ [sS] and s = 1 · s, from Proposition 4.15 we obtain n ∈ ℕ and k, k' ∈ [sS] with ksnsn and snk'sn. Also, since k, k' ∈ [sS], there exist s', s'', s1, s2S such that $ss′<¯k<¯ss1andss2<¯k′<¯ss″$ Thus we may compute that $ss′sn<¯ksn<¯sn<¯k′sn<¯ss″sn$ (2) ⇒ (1). Let K be a convex right ideal of S. If K = S, then by Corollary 4.14, S/K ≅ ΘS is GP-po-flat. If K is proper, we will use Proposition 4.15 to check that S/K is GP-po-flat. So for every kK and u, sS, for s by (2) there exist w, vS such that swsnsnsvsn. If kus, then we get (kw)snuswsnusn. If usk, then we have usnusvsn ≤ (kv)sn. Setting k' = kw or k'' = kv, the desired result is obtained.

As we saw in Section 2, principally weakly po-flat ⇒ GP-po-flat ⇒ po-torsion free. Now our crucial thing is to verify the distinctness of these properties.

Example 4.17: (GP-po-flatp. w. po-flat) Let S = K ∪ {I} with} $K=0mn00t000m,n,t∈N, I=100010001.$ The order on S is defined by $abc0de00f≤a′b′c′0d′e′00f′⇔a≤a′,b≤b′,c≤c′,d≤d′,e≤e′ and f≤f′.$ Then K is a convex, proper right ideal of the pomonoid S. By Proposition 4.15, we can verify that the Rees factor S-poset S/K is GP-po-flat. On the other hand, note that $K=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\in K$ but there is no k'K such that kk'k. From [13, Proposition 10] it follows that S/K is not principally weakly po-flat.

Example 4.18 ([13, Example 7]): (po-t. free GP-po-flat) Let S denote an infinite monogenic monoid {1, s, s2, ⋯}, equipped with the order in which $s2 and s and 1 are isolated. Let K = {s2, s3, s4, ⋯}. Then by [13, Example 7], S/K is po-torsion free. However, because s2 ≤ s · s, there cannot exist n ∈ ℕ and k ∈ K such that k · sn ≤ s · sn, and by Proposition 4.15, S/K is not GP-po-flat.

5 GP-po-flatness of product S-posets

In this section, we first show that GP-po-flatness is preserved under coproducts and directed colimits, respectively. Furthermore, we mainly consider the question of when GP-po-flat transfers from S-posets to their products. As an application, we also consider the same question to principally weakly po-flat, and extend some results from [12].

The following two propositions show that GP-po-flatness is closed under coproducts and directed colimits, respectively. For more information about coproducts and directed colimits in the category of S-posets, the reader is referred to [15, 21].

Proposition 5.1: Let ${A}_{S}={\coprod }_{i\in I}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}{A}_{j}$, where Aj, i ∈ I, is a strongly convex S-subposet of AS. Then AS is GP-po-flat if and only if every Aj is GP-po-flat, i ∈ I.

Proof: It is a direct consequence of the definition.

Proposition 5.2: Every directed colimit of a directed system of GP-po-flat right S-posets, is GP-po-flat.

Proof: Suppose that (Aj, ϕi, j) is a directed system of GP-po-flat right S-posets over a directed index set I with directed colimit (A, αi). Let asa′s in AS, for a, a′A and sS. In view of [15, Proposition 2.6 (3)], there exist i, jI, aiAj, ajAj such that a = αi(ai) and a′= αj(aj). Since I is directed, from [15, Proposition 2.6 (4)] we obtain ki, j with ϕi, k(aj)sϕj, k(aj)s in Ak. Further, since Ak is GP-po-flat, Lemma 2.4 implies that there exist m, n ∈ ℕ, a1, a2, ⋯, amAk and s1, f1, ⋯, sm, tmS such that $ϕi,k(ai)≤a1s1a1t1≤a2S2s1sn≤t1sn⋯⋯amtm≤ϕj,k(aj)smsn≤tmsn$ Acting each inequality in the left hand column of the above scheme by αk, we can establishes that $αk(ϕi,k(ai))⊗sn<¯αk(ϕj,k(aj))⊗sn$ in AsSsn. Therefore, we can deduce that $a⊗sn=αi(ai)⊗sn=αkϕi,k(ai)⊗sn≤αkϕj,k(aj)⊗sn=αj(aj)⊗sn=a′⊗sn$ in AsSsn. This shows that AS is GP-po-flat.

The following will be used frequently in this section, and its proof is straightforward.

Lemma 5.3: Let {Ai}iI be a family of right S-posets and SB be a left S-poset. If $\left({a}_{i}\right)\otimes b\le \left({{a}^{\prime }}_{i}\right)\otimes {b}^{\prime }$ in $\left(\prod _{i\in I}{A}_{j}\right){\otimes }_{S}B$ for any $\left({a}_{i}\right),\left({{a}^{\prime }}_{i}\right)\in {\prod }_{i\in I}{A}_{i}$ and b, b' ∈ B, then ${a}_{i}\otimes b\le {{a}^{\prime }}_{i}\otimes {b}^{\prime }$ in AiSB for each iI.

Proposition 5.4: For any family {Aj}iI of right S-posets, if ${\prod }_{i\in I}{A}_{i}$ is GP-po-flat, then Ai is GP-po-flat for every iI.

Proof: Let ${a}_{j}s\le {{a}^{\prime }}_{j}s$ for sS and ${a}_{j},{{a}^{\prime }}_{j}\in {A}_{j},j\in I$. For each ij in I, choose bjAj. Then we define $ci={bi,if i≠j,aj,if i≠j, and c′i={bi,if i≠j,a′j,if i≠j.$ This implies that $\left({c}_{i}\right)s\le \left({{c}^{\prime }}_{i}\right)s$ in ${\prod }_{i\in I}{A}_{j}$, so by assumption, $\left({c}_{i}\right)\otimes {s}^{n}\le \left({{c}^{\prime }}_{i}\right)\otimes {s}^{n}$ in $\left({\prod }_{i\in I}\right){\otimes }_{S}S{s}^{n}$ for some n ∈ ℕ. The result now follows by Lemma 5.3.

Corollary 5.5: For any family {Aj}iI} of right S-posets, if ${\prod }_{i\in I}{A}_{j}$ is principally weakly po-flat, then Aj is principally weakly po-flat for every iI.

Proof: Apply Proposition 5.4 for n = 1.

Observing Proposition 5.4 (Corollary 5.5), we remark that pomonoids S need no condition for transferring GP-po-flatness (principal weak po-flatness) from products to their components. However, [10, Example 2.9] shows that direct products do not necessarily preserve these two properties.

Bearing in mind the above, a question naturally arises: when is GP-po-flatness of S-posets preserved under direct products? We first consider the case of finite direct products for this question.

The following is an easy consequence of Lemma 4.9.

Corollary 5.6: For any left PSF pomonoid, the following statements are equivalent.

1. ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is GP-po-flat.

2. For any sS and ${a}_{i},{{a}^{\prime }}_{i}\in {A}_{j},1\le i\le n$ if $\left({a}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{a}_{n}\right)s\le \left({{a}^{\prime }}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{{a}^{\prime }}_{n}\right)s$ in ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$, then there exist m ∈ ℕ and uS such that usm = sm and $\left({a}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{a}_{n}\right)u\le \left({{a}^{\prime }}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{{a}^{\prime }}_{n}\right)u$.

It follows the same outline as the corresponding result of [10].

Applying [6, Theorem 3.13], the following is an evident result for principal weak po-flatness.

Corollary 5.7: For any left PSF pomonoid, the following statements are equivalent.

1. ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is principally weakly po-flat.

2. For any sS and ${a}_{j},{{a}^{\prime }}_{i}\in {A}_{j},1\le i\le n$, if $\left({a}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{a}_{n}\right)s\le \left({{a}^{\prime }}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{{a}^{\prime }}_{n}\right)s$ in ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$, then there exists uS such that us = s and $\left({a}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{a}_{n}\right)u\le \left({{a}^{\prime }}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdots ,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{{a}^{\prime }}_{n}\right)u$.

It is shown in [10] that, for a left PSF monoid, ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is GP-flat if and only if Aj is GP-flat, 1 ≤ in. For S-posets, the corresponding statement is also valid.

Proposition 5.8: Let S be a left PSF pomonoid. Then ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is GP-po-flat if and only if Aj is GP-po-flat, 1 ≤ in.

Proof: Applying Proposition 5.4, and a similar argument as for acts it can easily be proved.

Specifically, the following corollary generalizes a result of [12], which says that for any left PSF pomonoid S the S-poset Sn is principally weakly po-flat for each n ∈ ℕ.

Corollary 5.9: Let S be a left PSF pomonoid. Then ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is principally weakly po-flat if and only if Aj is principally weakly po-flat for every 1 ≤ in.

Proof: This follows from Corollary 5.5 and [6, Theorem 3.13].

Our next task is to discuss the case of infinite products for the question mentioned above. The inspiration for some of the following results comes from [11].

By virtue of Lemma 2.4, the following is now immediate.

Lemma 5.10: Let ${A}_{S}={\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ for a family {Ai}iI of right S-posets. If the S-poset SI is GP-po-flat and (ui)s ≤ (vi})s for ui, vi, sS, then for each iI and aiAi, (aiui) ⊗ s ∈ (ai vi) ⊗ s in AS Ss.

Now we intend to present the main results of this paper.

Theorem 5.11: The following statements are equivalent for a pomonoid S.

1. The direct product of every nonempty family of GP-po-flat right S-posets is GP-po-flat.

1. SI is GP-po-flat for each nonempty set I, and

2. for each sS, there exist m, n ∈ ℕ such that for every GP-po-flat right S-poset AS, if as ≤ a's for any a, a′ ∈ A then ls(a, a′) ≤ m and ds (a, a′) ≤ n.

Observing the proof of Theorem 5.11, when |I|<∞, we can readily obtain the condition (b) of the part (2) in Theorem 5.11. Thereby, we have the following.

Corollary 5.12: For n ∈ ℕ, Sn is GP-po-flat right S-it poset if and only if ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is GP-po-flat wherews Ai, 1 ≤ in, are GP-po-flat right S-posets.

In order to make Theorem 5.11 more specific, we give a description of pomonoids S over which SI is GP-po-flat for each nonempty set I.

Proposition 5.13: The following statements are equivalent for a pomonoid S.

1. SI is GP-po-flat for each nonempty set I.

2. For any sS, there exist m, n ∈ ℕ and (s1, t1), ⋯, (sm, tm) ∈ D(S) such that

1. sisntisn for all 1 ≤ im, and

2. if usvs for some u, vS, then there exist u1, ⋯, umS such that $u≤u1s1u1t1≤u2s2 ⋯um−1tm−1≤umsmumtm≤υ$

In Lemma 2.4, particularly when n = 1, we have the following result.

Lemma 5.14: A right S-poset AS is principally weakly po-flat if and only iffor any a, a′A and sS, asa′s in AS implies that there exist m ∈ ℕ, a1, a2, ⋯, amA and s1, t1, ⋯, sm, tmS such that $a≤a1s1a1t1≤a2s2s1s≤t1s⋯⋯amtm≤a′sms≤tms$

In the above lemma, we define ${{d}^{\prime }}_{s}\left(a,{a}^{\prime }\right)$ to be the minimum length of the existing schemes connecting (a, s) to (a′, s).

Now by a similar argument as in the proof of Theorem 5.11, for principal weak po-flatness we have the following result, which extends Proposition 2.4 of [12].

Corollary 5.15: The following statements are equivalent for a pomonoid S.

1. The direct product of every nonempty family of principally weakly po-flat right S-posets is principally weakly po-flat.

1. SI is principally weakly po-flat for each nonempty set I, and

2. for each sS, there exists n ∈ ℕ such that for every principally weakly po-flat right S-poset AS, if as ≤ a′s for any a, a′A then ${{d}^{\prime }}_{s}\left(a,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{a}^{\prime }\right)\le n$.

We pointed that in Section 1, for GP-po-flatness and principal weak po-flatness, the direct product case is different from that of Conditions (P), (E) and (Pw). In other words, we need to identify that the two conditions in Theorem 5.11 (2) or Corollary 5.15 (2) are independent. Indeed, from [11, Example 2.13] we can see that the condition (a) in Theorem 5.11 (2) (resp., Corollary 5.15(2)) does not imply the condition (b). Also, the following example shows that the converse is not true.

Example 5.16 ([11, Examples 2.12]): Let S = 〈 x1, x2, ⋯s |xn+1 xn = xn+1= xn xn + 1〉, where the order of S is discrete. It is not hard to see, that S is a commutative pomonoid consisting of the elements of the form 1 and ${x}_{i}^{k}$ (k ∈ ℕ). Then we could directly apply Examples 2.12 from [11] and obtain that, for every principally weakly po-flat S-poset AS, if as ≤ a′s for a, a′A and s ∈ S then there exists an S-tossing of length 1 connecting the pairs (a, s) and (a′, s) in A × Ss. This shows that S satisfies the condition (b) in Corollary 5.15, and so it also satisfies the condition (b) of Theorem 5.11 (it suffices in Theorem 5.11 to take m = 1.) On the other hand, we assume S2 is GP-po-flat. Then, according the above statement, for (1, x1)x2 = (x1, x1)x2 in S2, there exists an S-tossing of length 1 and degree 1 connecting the pairs ((1, x1), x2) and ((x1, x1), x2) in S2 × Sx2, but this is impossible. Thus S2 is not GP-po-flat, and so it is not principally weakly flat.

Recall that a pomonoid S is called left PP if the S-subposet Sx is projective for all xS. (Note, however, that Sx may not be an ideal of S in the ordered sense.) According to [7, Proposition 4.8], a pomonoid S is left PP if and only if for every sS there exists an idempotent eS such that es = s and usvs implies ueve for u, vS. Further, using Proposition 3.3 and Corollary 3.7 of [20], it is straightforward to prove that for every xS, Sx is projective if and only if [1]kerρX contains a right zero, where kerρX = {(u, v) ∈ S × S|ux = vx}.

Note that, every left PP pomonoid is left PSF, and but the converse is not true. The next proposition shows that, for a commutative pomonoid this intervening gap between these two classes of pomonoids can be filled by GP-po-flatness.

Proposition 5.17: The following are equivalent for a commutative pomonoid S.

1. S is a left PP pomonoid.

2. S is a left PSF pomonoid and SI is principally weakly po-flat for any nonempty set I.

3. S is a left PSF pomonoid and SI is GP-po-flat for any nonempty set I.

Proof: (1) ⇒ (2). Let S be a left PP pomonoid. Then S is left PSF. To show that SI is principally weakly po-flat, assume that (si)s ≤ (ti)s in SI. Since S is left PP, there exists e2 = eS such that es = s and sietie for each iI. This means that (si)e ≤ (ti)e in SI, and the desired result is readily obtained.(2) ⇒ (3). It is clear.(3) ⇒ (1). Suppose sS for a left PSF pomonoid S. Based on the above discussion, it is enough to find a right zero in [1]kerρs. Assume that [1]kerρs is represented by an index set I as [1]kerρs = {ui|iI}. Then (ui)s = s in SI. Since SI is principally weakly po-flat, by Lemma 4.9, we obtain u, wS with us = s, uiuu, and ws = s, wuiw for any iI. Further, since S is commutative, we can compute that for each iI, $uiuw≤uw≤uujw=uiuw,$ that is, uiuw = uw. Therefore, uw ∈ [1]kerρS is a right zero.

From Proposition 5.8, we remark that, for any left PSF pomonoid S, Sn is GP-po-flat for each n ∈ ℕ. However, the example below shows that the converse is not true in general. Indeed, let S denote the monoid {0, x, 1} in which x2 = 0. The order of S is discrete. We can verify that S2 is GP-po-flat. On the other hand, note that 0 · x = x · x, there are no elements rS such that r · x = x and 0 · r = x · r. Hence S is not a left PSF pomonoid.

It is natural to ask when GP-po-flatness of Sn implies that S is a left PSF pomonoid. To reach this target, we need to introduce a corresponding notion, known as left P(P) monoids, for S-posets.

Definition 5.18: We call a pomonoid S left P(P) if every principal left ideal of S satisfies Condition (P).

It can be readily checked that a pomonoid S is left P(P) if and only if usvs for u, v, sS, implies the existence of u', v'S such that uu'vv' and u's = v's = s. Clearly, every left PSF pomonoid is left P(P). But, from [22, Example 2.4] we see that the converse is not true in general.

Now we can establish one of our main results.

Theorem 5.19: Let S be a pomonoid and 1 the identity of S, in which 1 is isolated. Then the following conditions on pomonoids are equivalent.

1. S is a left PSF pomonoid.

2. S is a left P(P) pomonoid and Sn is principally weakly po-flat for each n ∈ ℕ.

3. S is a left P(P) pomonoid and Sn is GP-po-flat for each n ∈ ℕ.

Proof: (1) ⇒ (2). It follows directly from [12, Proposition 2.3].(2) ⇒ (3). It is obvious.(3) ⇒ (1). Let usvs for u, v, sS. Then we see (1, u)s ≤ (1, v)s in S2 and by Lemma 2.4, there exists a scheme realizing the inequality (1, u) ⊗ s ≤ (1, v) ⊗ s in S2S Ss of the form $(1,u)≤(x1,y1)s1(x1,y1)t1≤(x2,y2)s2s1sn≤t1sn(x2,y2)t2≤(x3,y3)s3s2sn≤t2sn⋯⋯(xm,ym)tm≤(1,v)smsn≤tmsn$ of length m, where m, n ∈ ℕ, x1, ⋯, xm, y1, ⋯, ym, s1, ⋯, sm, t1, ⋯, tmS. Without loss of generality, suppose that the length m of this scheme is minimal. We claim that m = 1 and hence our scheme would be of the form $(1,u)≤(x1,y1)(x1,y1)t1≤(1,v)s1sn≤t1sn,$ thereby from the left hand of the above scheme, we get 1 ≤ x1s1 and x1t1 ≤ 1. But 1 is isolated and we obtain x1 = s1 = t1 = 1, and then us1y1 s1vs1 and s1 s = s, as desired.Assume m > 1. The inequalities (x1, y1) t1 ≤ (x2, y2)s2 and (x2, y2)t2 ≤ (x3, y3)s3 yield x1t1x2s2, y1t1y2s2, x2t2x3s3 and y2t2y3s3. Since S is a left P(P) pomonoid, from the inequality s2snt2sn we obtain u1, v1S with s2u1t2v1 and u1sn=v1sn = sn. Then we see x1t1u1x2s2u1x2t2v1x3s3v1 and y1t1u1y2s2u1y2t2v1y3s3v1. This shows the following is a scheme of length m — 1 realizing the inequality (1, u) ⊗ s ≤ (1, v) ⊗ s in S2S Ss: $(1, u)≤(x1, y1)s1(x1, y1)t1u1≤(x3, y3)s3v1s1sn≤(t1u1)sn(x3, y3)t3≤(x4, y4)s4(s3v1)sn≤t3sn⋯⋯(xm, ym)tm≤(1, v)smsn≤tmsn$ This contradicts the minimality of m.

Here we prove that the two conditions in the second part and in the third part of Theorem 5.19 are independent from each other. On the one hand, note from [11, Example 2.13] that there is a pomonoid S (the order of S is discrete) over which SI is principally weakly po-flat (hence SI is GP-po-flat) for each nonempty set I, but S is not a left PSF pomonoid. Thus in view of Theorem 5.19, principal weak po-flatness (GP-po-flatness) of Sn does not imply that S is a left P(P) pomonoid. On the other hand, from [22, Example 2.4] there is a left P(P) pomonoid which is not a left PSF pomonoid. This shows that being a left P(P) pomonoid does not imply GP-po-flatness (principal weak po-flatness) of Sn.

As the concluding result, we have

Proposition 5.20: For a right po-cancellative pomonoid S and any family {Ai}iI of right S-posets, the following statements are equivalent.

1. ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is principally weakly po-flat.

2. ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is GP-po-flat.

3. ${\prod }_{i=1}^{n}{A}_{i}$ is po-torsion free.

4. S is a po-group.

Proof: (1) ⇒ (2) ⇒ (3) and (4) ⇒ (1) are obvious.(3) ⇒ (4). It is true by Theorem 4.2.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to give many thanks to the anonymous referee for their invaluable comments and suggestions. This research was partially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2016BJ-26) and NSFC (Grant No. 11371177).

References

• [1]

Kilp, M., Knauer, U. and Mikhalev, A. V., Monoids, Acts and Categories, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2000

• [2]

Fakhruddin, S. M., Absolute flatness and amalgams in pomonoids, Semigroup Forum, 1986, 33, 15-22

• [3]

Fakhruddin, S. M., On the category of S-posets, Acta Sci. Math., 1988, 52, 85-92

• [4]

Golchin, A. and Rezaei, P., Subpullbacks and flatness properties of S-posets, Comm. Algebra, 2009, 37, 1995-2007

• [5]

Laan, V., Generators in the category of S-posets, Cent. Eur. J. Math., 2008, 6, 357-363

• [6]

Shi, X. P., Strongly flat and po-flat S-posets, Comm. Algebra, 2005, 33, 4515-4531

• [7]

Shi, X. P., Liu, Z. K., Wang, F. and Bulman-Fleming, S., Indecomposable, projective, and flat S-posets, Comm. Algebra, 2005, 33, 235-251

• [8]

Qiao, H. S. and Wei, C. Q., On a generalization of principal weak flatness property, Semigroup Forum, 2012, 85, 147-159

• [9]

Gould, V., Coherent monoids, J. Austral. Math. Soc. (Series A), 1992, 53, 166-182

• [10]

Leila, L., Golchin, A. and Mohammadzadeh, H., On properties of product acts over monoids, Comm. Algebra, 2015, 43, 18541876

• [11]

Sedaghatjoo, M., Khosravi, R. and Ershad, M., Principally weakly and weakly coherent monoids, Comm. Algebra, 2009, 37, 4281-4295

• [12]

Khosravi, R., On direct products of S-posets satisfying flatness properties, Turk. J. Math., 2014, 38, 79-86

• [13]

Bulman-Fleming, S., Gutermuth, D., Gilmour, A. and Kilp, M., Flatness properties of S-posets, Comm. Algebra, 2006, 34, 1291-1317

• [14]

Liang, X. L. and Luo, Y. F., On Condition (PWP)w for S-posets, Turk. J. Math., 2015, 39, 795-809

• [15]

Bulman-Fleming, S. and Laan, V., Lazard's theorem for S-posets, Math. Nachr., 2005, 278, 1743-1755

• [16]

Qiao, H. S. and Li, F., The flatness properties of S-poset A(I) and Rees factor S-posets, Semigroup Forum, 2008, 77, 306-315

• [17]

Zhang, X. and Laan, V., On homological classification of pomonoids by regular weak injectivity properties of S-posets, Cent. Eur. J. Math., 2007, 5, 181-200

• [18]

Liu, Z. K. and Yang, Y. B., Monoids over which every flat right act satisfies condition (P), Comm. Algebra, 1994, 22, 2861-2875

• [19]

Xie, X. Y. and Shi, X. P., Order-congruences on S-posets, Comm. Korean Math. Soc., 2005, 20, 1-14

• [20]

Shi, X. P., On flatness properties of cyclic S-posets, Semigroup Forum, 2008, 77, 248-266

• [21]

Bulman-Fleming, S. and Mahmoudi, M., The category of S-posets, Semigroup Forum, 2005, 71, 443-461

• [22]

Sedaghatjoo, M., Laan, V. and Ershad, M., Principal weak flatness and regularity of diagonal acts, Comm. Algebra, 2012, 40, 4019-4030

Accepted: 2016-05-10

Published Online: 2016-10-24

Published in Print: 2016-01-01

Citation Information: Open Mathematics, ISSN (Online) 2391-5455, Export Citation