[1] Shigematsu Y., Hamada M., Mukai M., Matsuoka H., Sumimoto T., Hiwada K., Clinical evidence for an association between left ventricular geometric adaptation and extracardiac target organ damage in essential hypertension, J Hypertens, 1995, 13, 155–160 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199501000-00022CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[2] Rosand J., Hypertension and the brain: stroke is just the tip of the iceberg, Neurology, 2004, 63, 6–7 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[3] Levy D., Garrison R. J., Savage D. D., Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P., Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study, N Engl J Med, 1990, 322, 1561–1566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199005313222203CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[4] Koren M. J., Devereux R. B., Casale P. N., Savage D. D., Laragh J. H., Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension, Ann Intern Med, 1991, 114, 345–352 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[5] Krumholz H. M., Larson M., Levy D., Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1995, 25, 879–884 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)00473-4CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[6] Fox E. R., Alnabhan N., Penman A. D., Butler K. R., Taylor H. A., Jr., Skelton T. N., et al., Echocardiographic left ventricular mass index predicts incident stroke in African Americans: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, Stroke, 2007, 38, 2686–2691 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.485425CrossrefWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

[7] Cuspidi C., Mancia G., Ambrosioni E., Pessina A., Trimarco B., Zanchetti A., Left ventricular and carotid structure in untreated, uncomplicated essential hypertension: results from the Assessment Prognostic Risk Observational Survey (APROS), J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18, 891–896 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001759CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[8] Sierra C., de la Sierra A., Pare J. C., Gomez-Angelats E., Coca A., Correlation between silent cerebral white matter lesions and left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension, Am J Hypertens, 2002, 15, 507–512 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(02)02277-XCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[9] Lee S. H., Park J. M., Kwon S. J., Kim H., Kim Y. H., Roh J. K., et al., Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with cerebral microbleeds in hypertensive patients, Neurology, 2004, 63, 16–21 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[10] Kohara K., Zhao B., Jiang Y., Takata Y., Fukuoka T., Igase M., et al., Relation of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry to asymptomatic cerebrovascular damage in essential hypertension, Am J Cardiol, 1999, 83, 367–370 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00870-4CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[11] Kohara K., Igase M., Yinong J., Fukuoka T., Maguchi M., Okura T., et al., Asymptomatic cerebrovascular damages in essential hypertension in the elderly, Am J Hypertens, 1997, 10, 829–835 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(97)00116-7CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[12] Gullu H., Erdogan D., Caliskan M., Tok D., Yildirim E., Ulus T., et al., Interrelationship between noninvasive predictors of atherosclerosis: transthoracic coronary flow reserve, flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima-media thickness, aortic stiffness, aortic distensibility, elastic modulus, and brachial artery diameter, Echocardiography, 2006, 23, 835–842 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00342.xCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[13] Roman M. J., Saba P. S., Pini R., Spitzer M., Pickering T. G., Rosen S., et al., Parallel cardiac and vascular adaptation in hypertension, Circulation, 1992, 86, 1909–1918 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[14] Takiuchi S., Kamide K., Miwa Y., Tomiyama M., Yoshii M., Matayoshi T., et al., Diagnostic value of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque score for predicting target organ damage in patients with essential hypertension, J Hum Hypertens, 2004, 18, 17–23 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001628CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[15] Roman M. J., Pickering T. G., Schwartz J. E., Pini R., Devereux R. B., Association of carotid atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1995, 25, 83–90 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)00316-ICrossrefGoogle Scholar

[16] Roman M. J., Pickering T. G., Pini R., Schwartz J. E., Devereux R. B., Prevalence and determinants of cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in hypertension, Hypertension, 1995, 26, 369–373 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[17] Muiesan M. L., Pasini G., Salvetti M., Calebich S., Zulli R., Castellano M., et al., Cardiac and vascular structural changes. Prevalence and relation to ambulatory blood pressure in a middle-aged general population in northern Italy: the Vobarno Study, Hypertension, 1996, 27, 1046–1052 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[18] Hughes A. D., Sinclair A. M., Geroulakos G., Mayet J., Mackay J., Shahi M., et al., Structural changes in the heart and carotid arteries associated with hypertension in humans, J Hum Hypertens, 1993, 7, 395–397 Google Scholar

[19] Ganau A., Devereux R. B., Roman M. J., de Simone G., Pickering T. G., Saba P. S., et al., Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992, 19, 1550–1558 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(92)90617-VCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[20] Selvetella G., Notte A., Maffei A., Calistri V., Scamardella V., Frati G., et al., Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with asymptomatic cerebral damage in hypertensive patients, Stroke, 2003, 34, 1766–1770 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000078310.98444.1DCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[21] Kim B. J., Lee S. H., Kang B. S., Yoon B. W., Roh J. K., Diabetes increases large artery diseases, but not small artery diseases in the brain, J Neurol, 2008, 255, 1176–1181 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-008-0864-0CrossrefWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

[22] Adams H. P., Jr., Bendixen B. H., Kappelle L. J., Biller J., Love B. B., Gordon D. L., et al., Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, Stroke, 1993, 24, 35–41 Google Scholar

[23] Devereux R. B., Reichek N., Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method, Circulation, 1977, 55, 613–618 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[24] Devereux R. B., Lutas E. M., Casale P. N., Kligfield P., Eisenberg R. R., Hammond I. W., et al., Standardization of M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular anatomic measurements, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1984, 4, 1222–1230 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80141-2CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[25] Reichek N., Devereux R. B., Reliable estimation of peak left ventricular systolic pressure by M-mode echographic-determined end-diastolic relative wall thickness: identification of severe valvular aortic stenosis in adult patients, Am Heart J, 1982, 103, 202–203 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(82)90493-8CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[26] Kang K., Lee S. H., Yoon B. W., Basilar artery stenoocclusive disease is associated with structural changes in the left ventricle, Acta Cardiol, 2009, 64, 493–498 http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/AC.64.4.2041614CrossrefWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

[27] Kang K., Lee Y. S., Kim N. H., Kim D. E., Park S. H., Associated ischemic lesions in intracranial hemorrhage: MRI study, Eur Neurol, 2003, 49, 94–97 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000068507CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[28] Fazekas F., Chawluk J. B., Alavi A., Hurtig H. I., Zimmerman R. A., MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer’s dementia and normal aging, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1987, 149, 351–356 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[29] de Jong G., Kessels F., Lodder J., Two types of lacunar infarcts: further arguments from a study on prognosis, Stroke, 2002, 33, 2072–2076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000022807.06923.A3CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[30] Masugata H., Senda S., Goda F., Yamagami A., Okuyama H., Kohno T., et al., Differences in left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction between patients with cerebral hemorrhage and those with cerebral infarction, Tohoku J Exp Med, 2008, 215, 159–165 http://dx.doi.org/10.1620/tjem.215.159CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[31] Di Tullio M. R., Zwas D. R., Sacco R. L., Sciacca R. R., Homma S., Left ventricular mass and geometry and the risk of ischemic stroke, Stroke, 2003, 34, 2380–2384 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000089680.77236.60CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[32] Shigematsu Y., Hamada M., Ohtsuka T., Hashida H., Ikeda S., Kuwahara T., et al., Left ventricular geometry as an independent predictor for extracardiac target organ damage in essential hypertension, Am J Hypertens, 1998, 11, 1171–1177 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7061(98)00140-XCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[33] Cordonnier C., Al-Shahi Salman R., Wardlaw J., Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting, Brain, 2007, 130, 1988–2003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl387Web of ScienceCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[34] Viswanathan A., Chabriat H., Cerebral microhemorrhage, Stroke, 2006, 37, 550–555 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000199847.96188.12CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[35] Vernooij M. W., Haag M. D., van der Lugt A., Hofman A., Krestin G. P., Stricker B. H., et al., Use of antithrombotic drugs and the presence of cerebral microbleeds: the Rotterdam Scan Study, Arch Neurol, 2009, 66, 714–720 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.42Web of ScienceCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[36] Sun J., Soo Y. O., Lam W. W., Wong K. S., Zeng J. S., Fan Y. H., Different distribution patterns of cerebral microbleeds in acute ischemic stroke patients with and without hypertension, Eur Neurol, 2009, 62, 298–303 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000235850Web of ScienceCrossrefGoogle Scholar

[37] Woo D., Sauerbeck L. R., Kissela B. M., Khoury J. C., Szaflarski J. P., Gebel J., et al., Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results of a populationbased study, Stroke, 2002, 33, 1190–1195 http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000014774.88027.22CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[38] Qureshi A. I., Tuhrim S., Broderick J. P., Batjer H. H., Hondo H., Hanley D. F., Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med, 2001, 344, 1450–1460 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105103441907CrossrefGoogle Scholar

[39] Naka H., Nomura E., Takahashi T., Wakabayashi S., Mimori Y., Kajikawa H., et al., Combinations of the presence or absence of cerebral microbleeds and advanced white matter hyperintensity as predictors of subsequent stroke types, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2006, 27, 830–835 Google Scholar