Jump to ContentJump to Main Navigation
Show Summary Details
More options …

Multicultural Learning and Teaching

Editor-in-Chief: Obiakor, Festus / Algozzine, Robert

Managing Editor: Banks, Tachelle

Online
ISSN
2161-2412
See all formats and pricing
More options …

Waiting for the Change: A Long and Disappointing Search for Multiculturalism and Inclusion

Bob Algozzine
  • Corresponding author
  • University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
  • Email
  • Other articles by this author:
  • De Gruyter OnlineGoogle Scholar
Published Online: 2015-05-07 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mlt-2015-0006

Abstract

Inclusion or providing educational opportunities for students with disabilities alongside their natural neighbors and peers remains a highly valued goal for special educators. Ensuring that special education services are available to individuals in all ethnic groups and that no ethnic groups are disproportionately placed in special education remains an equally important quest. Inclusion or providing educational opportunities for all students alongside their natural neighbors and peers remains a highly valued goal for me. Ensuring that effective educational practices are available and provided to all students and that no cultural, ethnic, or other groups are disproportionately placed in ineffective education settings remains an equally important quest. Personal and professional concerns related to a continuing lack of progress in achieving these significant and important multicultural and inclusive goals are highlighted in this article.

Keywords: disproportionality; minority overrepresentation; response-to-intervention

References

  • Algozzine, B. 1991. Observations to accompany analyses of the Tenth Annual Report to Congress. Exceptional Children, 57, 271–275.Google Scholar

  • Algozzine, B., & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1981). Special education services for normal children: Better safe than sorry. Exceptional Children, 48, 238–243.Google Scholar

  • Algozzine, B., & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1982). Classification decisions in learning disabilities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2, 117–129.Google Scholar

  • Algozzine, B., Ysseldyke, J. E., & Hill, C. (1982). Psychoeducational decision making as a function of the number of devices administered. Psychology in the Schools, 19, 328–334.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Algozzine, B., Ysseldyke, J. E., & Shinn, M. (1982). Identifying children with learning disabilities: When is a discrepancy severe? Journal of School Psychology, 20, 299–305.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Anfinson, A., Autumn, S., Lehr, C., Riestenberg, N., & Scullin, S. (2010). Disproportionate minority representation in suspension and expulsion in Minnesota public schools. International Journal on School Disaffection, 7(2), 5–20. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ970888

  • Artiles, A. J., & Bal, A. (2008). The next generation of disproportionality research: Toward a comparative model in the study of equity in ability differences. The Journal of Special Education, 42, 4–14.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bal, A., Sullivan, A. L., & Harper, J. (2014). A situated analysis of special education disproportionality for systemic transformation in an urban school district. Remedial and Special Education, 35, 3–14.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Barton, E. E., & Fettig, A. (2013). Parent-implemented Interventions for young children with disabilities: A review of fidelity features. Journal of Early Intervention, 35, 194–219.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Beckett, S. (1953). Waiting for Godot: A tragicomedy in two acts. New York: Grove Press. 2011.Google Scholar

  • Blatt, B. (1960). Some persistently recurring assumptions concerning the mentally subnormal. Training School Bulletin, 57, 48–53.Google Scholar

  • Blatt, B., & Kaplan, F. (1966). Christmas in purgatory: A photographic essay on mental retardation. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

  • Boswell, K., Zablotsky, B., & Smith, C. (2014). Predictors of autism enrollment in public school systems. Exceptional Children, 81, 96–106.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Carta, J. J. (2002). An early childhood special education research agenda in a culture of accountability for results. Journal of Early Intervention, 25, 102–104.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Facts about autism. Atlanta, GA: Author. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (undated). New data on autism spectrum disorders. Atlanta, GA: Author. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/Features/CountingAutism/

  • Coutinho, M. J., & Oswald, D. P. (2000). Disproportionate representation in special education: A synthesis and recommendations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9, 135–156.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Donovan, M. S. & Cross, C. T. (Eds.). (2002). Minority students in special and gifted education. Washington, DC: National Academies.Google Scholar

  • Dunn, L. M. (1968). Special education for the mildly retarded: Is much of it justifiable? Exceptional Children, 23, 5–21.Google Scholar

  • Franklin, B. M. (1994). From “backwardness” to “at-risk: Childhood learning difficulties and the contradictions of school reform”. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

  • Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006). Introduction to response to intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? Reading Research Quarterly, 41, 93–99.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., & Compton, D. L. (2012). Smart RTI: A next-generation approach to multilevel prevention. Exceptional Children, 78, 263–279.PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gregory, G. A. (2014). Boys from the ‘hood’-often misunderstood. Phi Delta Kappan, 96(2), 31–36.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hauerwas, L., Brown, R., & Scott, A. N. (2013). Specific learning disability and response to intervention: State-level guidance. Exceptional Children, 80, 101–120.Google Scholar

  • Heller, K. A. Holtzman, W. & Messick, S. (Eds.). (1982). Placing children in special education: A strategy for equity. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar

  • Hosp, J. (undated). Response to intervention and the disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education. Retrieved from http://www.rtinetwork.org/learn/diversity/disproportionaterepresentation

  • Jeans, L. M., Santos, R., Laxman, D. J., McBride, B. A., & Dyer, W. (2013). Early predictors of ASD in young children using a nationally representative data set. Journal of Early Intervention, 35, 303–331. doi:10.1177/1053815114523319.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kena, G., Aud, S., Johnson, F., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A., … Kristapovich, P. (2014). The condition of education 2014 (NCES 2014–083). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014083.pdf

  • Layton, L. (2013, December 3). U.S. students lag around average on international science, math, and reading test. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/us-students-lag-around-average-on-international-science-math-and-reading-test/2013/12/02/2e510f26-5b92-11e3-a49b-90a0e156254b_story.html

  • Losen, D. J., & Skiba, R. (2010). Suspended education: Urban middle schools in crisis. Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from http://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/downloads/publication/Suspended_Education.pdf

  • NAEP: A common yardstick. (2013). Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/

  • Noyes-Grosser, D. M., Rosas, S. R., Goldman, A., Elbaum, B., Romanczyk, R., & Callahan, E. H. (2013). Conceptualizing child and family outcomes of early intervention services for children with ASD and their families. Journal of Early Intervention, 35, 332–354. doi:10.1177/1053815114551415.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Odom, S. L., Buysse, V., & Soukakou, E. (2011). Inclusion for young children with disabilities: A quarter century of research perspectives. Journal of Early Intervention, 33, 344–356.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Osgood, R. L. (2005). The history of inclusion in United States. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Retrieved from Project MUSE database: http://muse.jhu.edu.librarylink.uncc.edu/books/9781563683305

  • Oswald, D. P., Coutinho, M. J., Best, A. M., & Singh, N. N. (1999). Ethnic representation in special education: The influence of school-related economic and demographic variables. The Journal of Special Education, 32, 194–206.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Otto, W. (1986). Ysseldyke and Algozzine—Those two guys are friends of mine. Journal of Reading, 29, 572–579.Google Scholar

  • Porowski, A., O’Conner, R., & Passa, A. (2014). Disproportionality in school discipline: An assessment of trends in Maryland, 2009–12. (REL 2014–017). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Mid-Atlantic. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs

  • RTI Action Network. (undated). What is RTI? Retrieved from http://www.rtinetwork.org/learn/what/whatisrti

  • Ruble, L. A., McGrew, J. H., & Toland, M. D. (2013). Mechanisms of change in COMPASS consultation for students with autism. Journal of Early Intervention, 35, 378–396. doi:10.1177/1053815114546495.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schaffhauser, D. (2013, December 13). American PISA scores drop. The Journal. Retrieved from http://thejournal.com/articles/2013/12/03/american-pisa-scores-drop.aspx#TzQoGFtE4Bs63k3l.99

  • Scott, J., & Quinn, R. (2014). The politics of education in the post-Brown era: Race, markets, and the struggle for equitable schooling. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50, 749–763.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Siller, M., Morgan, L., Turner-Brown, L., Baggett, K. M., Baranek, G. T., Brian, J., … Schertz, H. H. (2013). Designing studies to evaluate parent-mediated interventions for toddlers with Autism Spectrum disorder. Journal of Early Intervention, 35, 355–377. doi:10.1177/1053815114542507.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Skiba, R. J., Simmons, A. B., Ritter, S., Gibb, A. C., Rauch, M. K., … Chung, C. -G. (2008). Achieving equity in special education: History, status, and current challenges. Exceptional Children, 74, 264–288.Google Scholar

  • Stanton-Chapman, T. L., Chapman, D. A., & Scott, K. G. (2001). Identification of early risk factors for learning disabilities. Journal of Early Intervention, 24, 193–206.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sullivan, A. L. (2011). Disproportionality in special education identification and placement of English language learners. Exceptional Children, 77, 317–334.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sullivan, A. L., & Artiles, A. J. (2011). Theorizing racial inequity in special education: Applying structural theory to disproportionality. Urban Education, 46, 1526–1552.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sullivan, A., & Bal, A. (2013). Beyond simple disproportionality: Effects of individual and school variables on disability risk. Exceptional Children, 79, 475–494.Google Scholar

  • Travers, J. C., Krezmien, M. P., Mulcahy, C., & Tincani, M. (2014). Racial disparity in administrative autism identification across the United States during 2000 and 2007. The Journal of Special Education, 48, 155–166.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2011a). 30th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Special Education Programs. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/reports/annual/osep/2008/parts-b-c/30th-idea-arc.pdf

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2011b). Fast Facts: Long-term trends in reading and mathematics achievement. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=38

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2010). 29th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Special Education Programs. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/reports/annual/osep/2007/parts-b-c/29th-vol-1.pdf

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2013). 35th Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Washington, DC: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Special Education Programs. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/reports/annual/osep/2013/parts-b-c/index.html

  • Waitoller, F. R., Artiles, A. J., & Cheney, D. A. (2010). The miner’s canary: A review of overrepresentation research and explanations. Journal of Special Education, 44, 29–49.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wallace Jr, J. M., Goodkind, S., Wallace, C. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2008). Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in school discipline among U.S. high school students: 1991–2005. Negro Educational Review, 59, 47–62.Google Scholar

  • Wei, X., Wagner, M., Christiano, E. R. A., Shattuck, P., & Yu, J. W. (2014). Special education services received by student with Autism Spectrum Disorders from preschool through high school. The Journal of Special Education, 48, 167–179.CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

  • Wolery, M., & Bailey Jr, D. B. (2002). Early childhood special education research. Journal of Early Intervention, 25, 88–99.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ysseldyke, J. E., & Algozzine, B. (1983). LD or not LD: That’s not the question. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 29–31.PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ysseldyke, J. E., & Algozzine, B. (1990). Introduction to special education (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

  • Ysseldyke, J. E., Algozzine, B., & Thurlow, M. (1982). Critical issues in special and remedial education. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

  • Ysseldyke, J. E., Algozzine, B., & Thurlow, M. (1992). Critical issues in special and remedial education. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

  • Ysseldyke, J. E., Algozzine, B., & Thurlow, M. (2000). Critical issues in special and remedial education. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

About the article

Published Online: 2015-05-07

Published in Print: 2015-09-01


Citation Information: Multicultural Learning and Teaching, Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 231–253, ISSN (Online) 2161-2412, ISSN (Print) 2194-654X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mlt-2015-0006.

Export Citation

©2015 by De Gruyter.Get Permission

Comments (0)

Please log in or register to comment.
Log in