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# Nonlinear Engineering

### Modeling and Application

Editor-in-Chief: Nakahie Jazar, Gholamreza

Managing Editor: Skoryna, Juliusz

CiteScore 2018: 1.33

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2018: 0.313
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2018: 0.439

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Volume 7, Issue 4

# A note on Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method combined with complex transform method applied to fractional differential equations

Mahmoud A.E. Abdelrahman
Published Online: 2018-07-12 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2017-0145

## Abstract

In this paper, the fractional derivatives in the sense of modified Riemann–Liouville and the Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method are used to construct exact solutions for some nonlinear partial fractional differential equations via the nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation and the (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation. These nonlinear fractional equations can be turned into another nonlinear ordinary differential equation by complex transform method. This method is efficient and powerful in solving wide classes of nonlinear fractional order equations. The Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method appears to be easier and more convenient by means of a symbolic computation system.

MSC 2010: 26A33; 34A08; 35A99; 35R11; 83C15; 65Z05

## 1 Introduction

Many physical phenomena such as mathematical biology, signal processing, optics, fluid mechanics, electromagnetic theory, etc., can be modeled using the fractional derivatives. Consequently, the investigation of exact solutions for FDEs turns out to be very useful in the study of scientific research. Moreover generalized forms of differential equations are described as fractional differential equations FDEs.

Recent past, an strong attention has been purposed by the researchers concerning the fractional partial differential equations FDEs. For an interesting overview and more applications of nonlinear FDEs, we refer to [1, 2, 3, 4].

However, even in most useful studies, there is no an efficient and general methods to solve them. Actually, various analytical and numerical methods to construct approximate and exact solutions of nonlinear FDEs have been put forward, such as the fractional sub-equation method [5, 6], the tanh-sech method [7], the $\begin{array}{}\left(\frac{{G}^{{}^{\prime }}}{G}\right)-\end{array}$ expansion method [8, 19], the first integral method [10], the modified Kudryashov method [11], the exponential function method [12, 13] and others [14, 15].

The novelties of this paper are mainly exhibited in two aspects: First, we introduce a new method, which is not familiar, the so called Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method. We use this method to solve the nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation and the (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation. Moreover, we show that the proposed method gives infinite sequence of solutions. Second, we obtain new types of exact analytical solutions. Moreover comparing our results with other results, one can see that our results are new and most extensive.

Actually, the proposed two fractional equations have many applications in various fields of theoretical physics, applied mathematics and engineering such as control theory viscoelasticity, modelling heat transfer, control, diffusion, signal and image processing, and many other physical and engineering processes. In more details, the (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation is derived for a plasma comprised of cool and hot electrons and a species of fluid ions, which have so many direct and indirect in engineering models. Furthermore the nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation is a convenient model to display the novel phenomena associated with boomerons and trappons and further interesting engineering applications.

The Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE technique has been used to solve some partial and fractional differential equations, see for example [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. These works show that this method is efficacious, robust and adequate for solving further equations.

The rest of the paper is arranged as follows: In Section 2, we recall some basic definitions and notions dealing with fractional calculus theory, which are used in the sequel in this article. In Sections 4 and 3, two examples, namely the nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation and the (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation, are solved by the Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method. Conclusion will appear in Section 5.

## 2 Preliminaries and notation

We introduce some fundamental definitions and properties of fractional calculus theory, which turn to be very useful in order to complete this paper in a completely unified way. These are the Riemann–Liouville, the Grünwald-Letnikov, the Caputo and the modified Riemann-Caputo, Liouville derivative. The most commonly used definitions are the modified Riemann–Liouville and Caputo derivatives [22, 23]. Jumarie proposed a modified Riemann–Liouville derivative [24]. Firstly, we present some properties and definitions of the modified Riemann–Liouville derivative. Secondly, we give the description of the Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method.

Assume that f(t) denotes a continuous ℝ → ℝ function (but not necessarily first-order differentiable). The Jumarie’s modified Riemann–Liouville derivative is defined as

$Dtαf(t)=1Γ(1−α)ddt∫0t(t−ξ)−α−1(f(ξ)−f(0))dξ,α<01Γ(1−α)ddt∫0t(t−ξ)−α(f(ξ)−f(0))dξ,0<α<1(f(n)(t))(α−n),n ≤α(2.1)

Important property of the fractional modified Riemann-Liouville derivative is [25]

$Dtαtr=Γ(1+r)Γ(1+r−α)tr−α.$(2.2)

• Step 1

Any nonlinear fractional differential equation in two independent variables x and t can be expressed in following form:

$G(u,Dtαu,Dxαu,DtαDxαu,DxαDxαu,...)=0,$(2.3)

where 0 < α ≤ 1, $\begin{array}{}{D}_{t}^{\alpha }u,{D}_{x}^{\alpha }u\end{array}$ are modified Riemann-Liouville derivative of u and G is a polynomial in u(x, t) and its partial fractional derivatives.

• Step 2

Using the traveling wave transformation

$u(x,t)=U(ξ), ξ=kxαΓ(1+α)−λtαΓ(1+α),$(2.4)

where k, λ are non zero constants and 1 < α≤ 1. By using the chain rule,

$Dtαu=σt′dUdξDtαξ,Dxαu=σx′dUdξDxαξ,$(2.5)

where $\begin{array}{}{\sigma }_{t}^{\prime }\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}{\sigma }_{x}^{\prime }\end{array}$ are called the sigma indexes, [26], without loss of generality, we can take $\begin{array}{}{\sigma }_{t}^{\prime }={\sigma }_{x}^{\prime }=L,\end{array}$ where L is a constant.

Superseding (2.4) with (2.2) and (2.5) into (2.3), the equation (2.3) transformed into the following ODE:

$H(U,U′,U″,U‴,.....)=0,$(2.6)

where prime denotes the derivation with respect to ξ.

• Step 3

Based on the Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method [16, 17, 18], we assume that equation (2.6) has the following solution:

$U′=aU2−n+bU+cUn,$(2.7)

where a, b, c and n are constants calculated later. From equation (2.7), we have

$U″=ab(3−n)U2−n+a2(2−n)U3−2n+nc2U2n−1 +bc(n+1)Un+(2ac+b2)U,$(2.8)

$U‴=(ab(3−n)(2−n)U1−n+a2(2−n)(3−2n)U2−2n +n(2n−1)c2U2n−2+bcn(n+1)Un−1+(2ac+b2))U′.$(2.9)

The exact solutions of equation (2.7), for an arbitrary constant μ are given as follow:

1. For n = 1, the solution is

$U(ξ)=μe(a+b+c)ξ.$(2.10)

2. For n ≠ 1, b = 0 and c = 0, the solution is

$U(ξ)=a(n−1)(ξ+μ)1n−1.$(2.11)

3. For n ≠ 1, b ≠ 0 and c = 0, the solution is

$U(ξ)=−ab+μeb(n−1)ξ1n−1.$(2.12)

4. For n ≠ 1, a ≠ 0 and b2 – 4ac < 0, the solution is

$U(ξ)=−b2a+4ac−b22atan(1−n)4ac−b22(ξ+μ)11−n$(2.13)

and

$U(ξ)=−b2a−4ac−b22acot(1−n)4ac−b22(ξ+μ)11−n.$(2.14)

5. For n ≠ 1,a ≠ 0 and b2 – 4ac > 0, the solution is

$U(ξ)=−b2a−b2−4ac2acoth(1−n)b2−4ac2(ξ+μ)11−n$(2.15)

and

$U(ξ)=−b2a−b2−4ac2atanh(1−n)b2−4ac2(ξ+μ)11−n.$(2.16)

6. For n ≠ 1, a ≠ 0 and b2 – 4ac = 0, the solution is

$U(ξ)=1a(n−1)(ξ+μ)−b2a11−n.$(2.17)

## 2.1 Bäcklund transformation

When Um–1(ξ) and Um(ξ)(Um(ξ) = Um(Um–1(ξ))) are the solutions of equation (2.7), we have

$dUm(ξ)dξ=dUm(ξ)dUm−1(ξ)dUm−1(ξ)dξ =dUm(ξ)dUm−1(ξ)(aUm−12−n+bUm−1+cUm−1n),$

namely

$dUm(ξ)aUm2−n+bUm+cUmn=dUm−1(ξ)aUm−12−n+bUm−1+cUm−1n.$(2.18)

Integrating equation (2.18) once with respect to ξ, we get a Bäcklund transformation of equation (2.7) as follows:

$Um(ξ)=−cK1+aK2Um−1(ξ)1−nbK1+aK2+aK1Um−1(ξ)1−n11−n,$(2.19)

where K1 and K2 are arbitrary constants. We use equation (2.19) to obtain infinite sequence of solutions for equation (2.7), as well for equation (2.3).

## 3 The nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation

We are concerned with the nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation([27]),

$Dtt2αuxyu−uxyuxx+2Dtαu2x=0, 0<α≤1,$(3.1)

where u(x, y, t) is the amplitude of the relevant wave mode.

Using the transformation

$u(x,y,t)=U(ξ),$(3.2)

$ξ=lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α),$(3.3)

where l, γ and w are non zero constants and 0 < α ≤ 1.

Substituting (3.3) with (2.2) and (2.5) into (3.1), we have the ODE

$lγw2U″U″−γl3U″U″−2lw(U2)″=0.$(3.4)

Integrating this equation twice, with the second constant of integration is vanishing, we obtain

$lγ(w2−l2)U″−2lwU3−kU=0,$(3.5)

where k is a nonzero constant of integration.

Substituting equations (2.8) into equation (3.5), we obtain

$lγ(w2−l2)ab(3−m)U2−m+a2(2−m)U3−2m+mc2U2m−1+bc(m+1)Um+(2ac+b2)U−2lwU3−kU=0.$(3.6)

Setting m = 0, equation (3.6) is reduced to

$lγ(w2−l2)(3abU2+2a2U3+bc+(2ac+b2)U)−2lwU3−kU=0.$(3.7)

Equating each coefficient of Ui (i = 0, 1, 2, 3) to zero, we have

$lγ(w2−l2)bc=0,$(3.8)

$lγ(w2−l2)(2ac+b2)−k=0,$(3.9)

$3lγ(w2−l2)ab=0,$(3.10)

$2lγ(w2−l2)a2−2lw=0.$(3.11)

Solving equations (3.8)-(3.11), we get

$b=0,$(3.12)

$ac=k2lγ(w2−l2),$(3.13)

$a=±wγ(w2−l2),$(3.14)

## Trigonometric function solutions

When $\begin{array}{}\frac{k}{l\gamma \left({w}^{2}-{l}^{2}\right)}<0,\end{array}$ substituting equations (3.12)-(3.14) and (3.3) into equations (2.13) and (2.14), we get the exact solutions for equation (3.1),

$U1,2(x,y,t)=±k2wl tank2lw(w2−l2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ)$(3.15)

and

$U3,4(x,y,t)=±k2wl cotk2lw(w2−l2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ),$(3.16)

where l, k, γ, w, μ are arbitrary constants and 0 < α ≤ 1. Figure 1 illustrated the solution U2.

Fig. 1

The solution U1(x, 0, t) in (3.15) for l=1.5, k=1, a=1, μ=0, w = 2 and –5 ≤ t, x ≤ 5.

## Hyperbolic function solutions

When $\begin{array}{}\frac{k}{l\gamma \left({w}^{2}-{l}^{2}\right)}>0,\end{array}$ substituting equations (3.12)-(3.14) and (3.3) into equations (2.15) and (2.16), we obtain exact solutions for equation (3.1),

$U5,6(x,y,t)=±−k2wl tanhk2lw(l2−w2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ)$(3.17)

and

$U7,8(x,y,t)=±−k2wl tanhk2lw(l2−w2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ),$(3.18)

where l, k, γ, w, μ are arbitrary constants and 0 < α ≤ 1. Figure 2 illustrated the solution U5.

Fig. 2

The solution U5(x, 0, t) in (3.17) for l=2, k=2, a=1, μ=1, w = 3.5 and –5 ≤ t, x ≤ 5.

#### Remark 3.1

Applying equation (2.19) to ui(x, t), i =1,2,…,8, we obtain an infinite sequence of solutions of equation (3.1). For illustration, by applying equation (2.19) to ui(x, t), i =1,2,…,8, once, we have new solutions of equation (3.1)

$u1,2⋆(x,t)=−k2lw±A3k2wl tank2lw(w2−l2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ)A3±k2wl tank2lw(w2−l2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ),$(3.19)

$u3,4⋆(x,t)=−k2lw±A3k2wl cotk2lw(w2−l2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ)A3±k2wl cotk2lw(w2−l2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ),$(3.20)

$u5,6⋆(x,t)=−k2lw±A3−k2wl tanhk2lw(l2−w2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ)A3±k2wl tanhk2lw(l2−w2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ),$(3.21)

$u7,8⋆(x,t)=−k2lw±A3−k2wl cothk2lw(l2−w2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ)A3±k2wl cothk2lw(l2−w2)(lx+γy−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ),$(3.22)

where A3, l, k, γ, w, μ are arbitrary constants and 0 < α ≤ 1.

## 4 The (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation

The second equation is the (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation which has the form ([28])

$Dtαu+lu2Dxαu+Dx3αu+DxαDy2αu+DxαDz2αu=0, ,t>0, 0<α≤1,$(4.1)

where l is an nonzero constant and 0 < α ≤ 1. The mKdV equation is used for representing physical and engineering phenomena such as to describe the ion-acoustic waves in a magnetized plasma, dipole blocking and study of coastal waves in ocean etc., see e.g. [29, 30, 31].

Using the transformation

$u(x,y,z,t)=U(ξ),$(4.2)

$ξ=βxαΓ(1+α)+γyαΓ(1+α)+δzαΓ(1+α)−wtαΓ(1+α),$(4.3)

where β, γ, δ and w are non zero constants and 0 < α ≤ 1.

Substituting (4.3) with (2.2) and (2.5) into (4.1), we have the ODE

$(β3+βγ2+βδ2)U‴+lβU2U′−wU′=0,$(4.4)

Integrating equation (4.4) once with respect to ξ with the zero constant of integration, we have

$(β3+βγ2+βδ2)U″+lβ3U3−wU=0.$(4.5)

Substituting equations (2.8) into equation (4.5), we obtain

$(β3+βγ2+βδ2)ab(3−m)U2−m+a2(2−m)U3−2m+mc2U2m−1+bc(m+1)Um+(2ac+b2)U+lβ3U3−wU=0.$(4.6)

Putting m = 0, equation (4.6) becomes

$(β3+βγ2+βδ2)(3abU2+2a2U3+bc+(2ac+b2)U)+lβ3U3−wU=0.$(4.7)

Putting each coefficient of Ui(i = 0, 1, 2, 3) to zero, we obtain

$(β3+βγ2+βδ2)bc=0,$(4.8)

$(β3+βγ2+βδ2)(2ac+b2)−w=0,$(4.9)

$3(β3+βγ2+βδ2)ab=0,$(4.10)

$2a2(β3+βγ2+βδ2)+lβ3=0.$(4.11)

Solving equations (4.8)-(4.11), we get

$b=0,$(4.12)

$ac=w2(β3+βγ2+βδ2),$(4.13)

$a=±−l6(β2+γ2+δ2),$(4.14)

## Trigonometric function solutions

When $\begin{array}{}\frac{w}{{\beta }^{3}+\beta {\gamma }^{2}+\beta {\delta }^{2}}<0,\end{array}$ substituting equations (4.12)-(4.14) and (4.3) into equations (2.13) and (2.14), we obtain the exact solutions of equation (4.1),

$U~1,2(x,y,z,t)=±−3wβltanw2(β3+βγ2+βδ2)βxαΓ(1+α)+γyαΓ(1+α)+δzαΓ(1+α)−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ$(4.15)

and

$U~3,4(x,y,z,t)=±−3wβlcotw2(β3+βγ2+βδ2)βxαΓ(1+α)+γyαΓ(1+α)+δzαΓ(1+α)−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ,$(4.16)

where β, γ, δ, w and μ are non zero constants and 0 < α ≤ 1. Figure 3 illustrated the solution Ũ1.

Fig. 3

The solution Ũ1(x, 0, 0, t) in (4.15) for β=-2.6, γ=-3.5, δ=3,l=-2, α=1, μ=0, w = -2 and –5 ≤ t, x ≤ 5.

## Hyperbolic function solutions

When $\begin{array}{}\frac{w}{{\beta }^{3}+\beta {\gamma }^{2}+\beta {\delta }^{2}}>0,\end{array}$ substituting equations (3.12)-(3.14) and (4.3) into equations (2.15) and (2.16), we obtain exact solutions of equation (4.1),

$U~5,6(x,y,z,t)=±3wβltanh−w2(β3+βγ2+βδ2)βxαΓ(1+α)+γyαΓ(1+α)+δzαΓ(1+α)−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ$(4.17)

and

$U~7,8(x,y,z,t)=±3wβlcoth−w2(β3+βγ2+βδ2)βxαΓ(1+α)+γyαΓ(1+α)+δzαΓ(1+α)−wtαΓ(1+α)+μ,$(4.18)

where β, γ, δ, w and μ are non zero constants and 0 < α ≤ 1. Figure 4 illustrated the solution Ũ5.

Fig. 4

The solution Ũ5(x, 0, 0, t) in (4.17) for β=2.6, γ=-3.5, δ=3,l=-2, α=0.5, μ=0, w = 3 and –5 ≤ t, x ≤ 5.

#### Remark 4.1

Similarly as shown in Remark (3.1), we can give an infinite solutions of equation (4.1).

#### Remark 4.2

1. Comparing our results concerning equation (3.1) with the results in [27, 32], one can see that our results are new and most extensive.

2. Comparing our results concerning equation (4.1) with the results in [31, 33], one can see that our results are new and most extensive.

3. Comparing our solutions for equations (3.1) and (4.1) with [27, 31, 32, 33], it can be seen that by choosing suitable values for the parameters similar solutions can be verified.

4. Actually the Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE technique has a very important feature, that admits infinite sequence of solutions of equation, which is explained clearly in Section 2.1. In fact this feature has never given for any another method.

5. Consequently, the method is efficacious, robust and adequate for solving other type of space-time fractional differential equations.

## 5 Conclusions

In this work, a Riccati-Bernoulli Sub-ODE technique has successfully been applied to exact solutions for the nonlinear fractional Zoomeron equation and the (3 + 1) dimensional space-time fractional mKDV-ZK equation with modified Riemann–Liouville derivative. Fractional complex transform is also used as the basic ingredient to obtain exact solutions for these nonlinear equations. As a result, some new exact solutions for them have successfully been obtained. The graphs of some solutions are depicted for suitable coefficients. Actually this method can be applied for many other nonlinear FDEs appearing in mathematical physics and natural sciences.

## Acknowledgement

The author wants to thank the editor and reviewers for valuable comments.

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mahmoud.abdelrahman1983@gmail.com, Tel +2 050 2242388; Fax +20 050 2246781

Revised: 2017-12-12

Accepted: 2018-01-13

Published Online: 2018-07-12

Published in Print: 2018-12-19

Citation Information: Nonlinear Engineering, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 279–285, ISSN (Online) 2192-8029, ISSN (Print) 2192-8010,

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© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

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