Abstract
The aim of the presented investigations was to develop a technique of producing Bragg’s grating couplers on planar waveguides. Waveguides are obtained by means of the sol-gel technology. The introduction of a light beam into the structure of the waveguide is in the case of planar or strip optical systems always an essential technical problem, requiring simple and reproducible solutions without extending excessively the waveguide structure. The paper presents a technology of producing grating couplers by impressing the pattern of the network while forming the planar waveguide structure applying the sol-gel method. Some remarks concerning the sol-gel technology are also presented. The results of investigations on grating couplers obtained in such a way have been discussed, too.
Attention has been drawn to the possibility of using such structures in optoelectronic sensors, particularly gas sensors, including sensors of water vapour as well as toxic gases.
[1] T. Pustelny, Physical and Technical Aspects of Optoelectronic Sensors, SUT Academic Press, Gliwice, 2005. Search in Google Scholar
[2] C.J. Brinker and G.W. Scherer, Sol-gel Science. The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-gel Processing, Academic Press, Inc., London, 1990. Search in Google Scholar
[3] L.C. Klein, Sol-gel Optics Processing and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 1994. 10.1007/978-1-4615-2750-3Search in Google Scholar
[4] R.M. Almeida, “Sol-gel planar waveguides for integrated optics”, J. Non-Crystalline Solids 259, 176–181 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00527-X10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00527-XSearch in Google Scholar
[5] M.A. Fardad, M.P. Andrews, and S.I. Najafi, “Novel sol-gel fabrication of integrated optical waveguides”, Proc. SPIE 2997, 72–78 (1997). Search in Google Scholar
[6] R.M. Almeida, “Sol-gel planar waveguides for integrated optics”, J. Non-Crystalline Solids 259, 176–181 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00527-X10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00527-XSearch in Google Scholar
[7] A. Ulatowska, H. Podbielska, and M. Lechna-Marczyńska, “Examination of the structure of sol-gel derived matrices for optoelectronics sensors”, J. Opt. Mat. 17, 169–173 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(01)00042-810.1016/S0925-3467(01)00042-8Search in Google Scholar
[8] T. Pustelny and I. Zielonka, “Waveguide layered structure for acoustooptic application”, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics 24, 271–277 (2003). Search in Google Scholar
[9] P. Karasinski, “Sol-gel derived optical waveguide films for planar sensors with phase modulation”, Optica Appl. 24, 467–475 (2004). Search in Google Scholar
[10] S.I. Najafi, Introduction to Glass Integrated Optics, Artech House Boston and London, 1992. Search in Google Scholar
[11] J.M. White and P.F. Heidrich, “Optical waveguide refractive index profiles from measurement of mode indices: A simple analysis”, Applied Optics 15, 151–155 (1976). http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.15.00015110.1364/AO.15.000151Search in Google Scholar
[12] J. Petykiewicz, Physical Base of Integrated Optics, PWN, Warsaw, 1989. (in Polish). Search in Google Scholar
[13] M. Hagberg, N. Eriksson, T. Kjellberg, and L.A. Larsson, “Fabrication of gratings for integrated optoelectronics”, Microelectronic Engineering 27, 435–438 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(94)00140-P10.1016/0167-9317(94)00140-PSearch in Google Scholar
[14] T. Pustelny, I. Zielonka, P. Karasinski, and J. Jurusik, “Bragg’s grating coupler in planar optical sol-gel waveguides”, Optica Appl. 24, 179–182 (2004). Search in Google Scholar
[15] C. Palmer, Diffraction Grating Handbook, Richardson Grating Laboratory, New Jersey, USA, 2000. Search in Google Scholar
[16] W. Gabathuler and W. Lukosz, “Electro — nanomechanically wavelength — tunable integrated — optical Bragg reflectors”, Optics Comm. 1354, 385–393 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4018(96)00634-710.1016/S0030-4018(96)00634-7Search in Google Scholar
[17] A. Inoue, M. Shigehara, M. Ito, M. Inai, and I.H. Ymizunami, “Fabrication and application of Bragg grating — a review”, Optoelectronics — Devices and Technologies 14, 119–130 (1998). Search in Google Scholar
[18] J.E. Chisham, M. Andrews, C.Y. Li, S.I. Najafi, and A. Malek-Tabrizi, “Gratings fabrication in silica glass”, Proc. SPIE 2695, 52–56 (1999). Search in Google Scholar
[19] I. Zielonka and P. Karasiński, “Planar waveguides with diffraction gratings”, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics 22, 293–302 (2001). Search in Google Scholar
[20] W. Lukosz and K. Tiefenthaler, “Embossing technique for fabricating integrated optical components in hard inorganic waveguiding materials”, Optic Letters 8, 445–449 (1986). 10.1364/OL.8.000537Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[21] I. Szendro, “Practice to emboss gratings into sol-gel waveguides”, Proc. SPIE 4284, 80–87 (2001). Search in Google Scholar
© 2006 SEP, Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.