Skip to content
BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access October 18, 2018

Intersubjectivity and Multiple Realities in Zarathushtra’s Gathas

  • Olga Louchakova-Schwartz EMAIL logo
From the journal Open Theology

Abstract

The Gathas, a corpus of seventeen poems in Old Avestan composed by the ancient Iranian poet-priest Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) ca. 1200 B.C.E., is the foundation document of Zoroastrian religion. Even though the dualistic axiology of the Gathas has been widely noted, it has proved very difficult to understand the meaning and genre of the corpus or the position of Zarathushtra’s ideas with regard to other religious philosophies. Relying on recent advances in translation and decryptions of Gathic poetry, I shall here develop a philosophical interpretation of the Gathas, including, as shall be discussed here in detail, explication of the revelation he reports in the poem known as Yasna 30. I argue that, similarly to Marx, Henry, and Schutz, Zarathushtra connects social criticism with an original philosophy of (inter)subjectivity and existential reflection, placing his account in the context of a fully developed metaphysics which includes the human-divine sharing of mental properties. I show that in order to accommodate this complicated problematic, Zarathushtra uses the vehicle of multiple realities. Reflecting the spontaneity of life, the dynamics of various ontological modes in the text create a reference to subjectivity. A description of the dream in Yasna 30 is sufficiently within the limits of possibility for a dream experience, and thereby delivers three original phenomenological reductions. The reductions initiate a genetic account of the phenomenalization of invisible impulses which give rise to moral choices, and define the human-divine relationship. The opposing moral choices open into a reverse axiological intentionality in the sphere of intersubjectivity, and are said to plot life for the rightful and lifelessness for the wrongful. It can be concluded that Zarathushtra’s theism and views of the social world are “the first philosophy”, with a unique and original phenomenological ontology of intersubjectivity at its core.

References

Allen, Jeffner. “What Is Husserl’s First Philosophy?” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 42:4 (1982), 610-20. doi:10.2307/2107381.Search in Google Scholar

Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Reverie. New York: Orion Press, 1969.Search in Google Scholar

Barber, Michael. Religion and Humor as Emancipating Provinces of Meaning. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Bergo, Bettina. “Emmanuel Levinas”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/levinas/. Accessed June 1, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Bertoldi, Eugene F. “Phenomenology of Phenomenology”. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7:2 (1977), 239-253.10.1080/00455091.1977.10717016Search in Google Scholar

Bob, Petr and Louchakova, Olga. “Dissociative States in Dreams and Brain Chaos: Implications for Creative Awareness”. Frontiers in Psychology, 6 (07 September 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01353. Accessed July 21, 2018.10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01353.212018Search in Google Scholar

Boyce, Mary. “Zoroaster’s Theology: Translation as an Obstacle to Understanding”. In ed. Christoph Elsas, Tradition and Translation, 278-284. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1994.Search in Google Scholar

Bronkhorst, Johannes. Absorption: Human Nature and Buddhist Liiberation, Buddhism series. Wil Switzerland: UniversityMedia, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Bronkhorst, Johannes. “Can Religion be Explained?” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 2016. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341375Search in Google Scholar

Andrei A. Buckareff and Yujin Nagasawa (eds.) Alternative Concepts of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722250.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Costello, Peter. “Towards a Phenomenology of Resurrection and of Ghosts”. In The Problem of Religious Experience, ed. O. Louchakova-Schwartz. Springer. Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar

Crowell, Steven Galt. Normativity and phenomenology in Husserl and Heidegger. Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.10.1017/CBO9781139548908Search in Google Scholar

Culianu, Ioan P. Out of This World: Other-Worldly Journeys from Gilgamesh to Albert Einstein. 1st ed. Boston, Mass.: Shambhala, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, Espen. Phenomenology and the Holy: Religious Experience after Husserl. Veritas. London: SCM Press, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, Espen. “Preserving Wonder through the Reduction: Husserl, Marion and Merleau-Ponty”. In The Problem of Religious Experience, ed. Olga Louchakova-Schwartz. Springer. Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar

Dayananda, Swami Saraswati. Teaching Tradition of Advaita Vedanta. Royapettah, Madras: Arsha Vidya Research and Publication Trust, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

De Muijnck, Wim. Dependencies, Connections, and Other Relations. Philosophical Science Series, 93. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003.10.1007/978-94-017-0121-1Search in Google Scholar

de Warren, Nick. “The Third Life of Subjectivity”. In Breeur, Roland, Ullrich Melle, and Rudolf Bernet. Life, Subjectivity & Art: Essays in Honor of Rudolf Bernet. Phaenomenologica, 457-480. Dordrecht; New York: Springer, 2012.10.1007/978-94-007-2211-8_19Search in Google Scholar

de Warren, Nick. “The Inner Night: Towards a Phenomenology of (Dreamless) Sleep”. In Dieter Lohmar & Ichiro Yamaguchi (eds.), On Time: New Contributions to the Husserlian Problem of Time-Consciousness. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Dong, Xuebao, Puxia Suo, Xin Yuan, and Xuefeng Yao. “Use of Auditory Evoked Potentials for Intra-Operative Awareness in Anesthesia: A Consciousness-Based Conceptual Model.” Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics 71:1 (2015), 441-7. doi: 10.1007/s12013-014-0221-0.Search in Google Scholar

Drummond, John J. “The Intentional Structure of Emotions”. Logical Analysis and the History of Philosophy/Philosophiegeschichte und logische Analyse 16 (2013): 244-263.10.30965/26664275-01601011Search in Google Scholar

Flattery, David Stophlet, and Martin Schwartz. Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen “Soma” and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle-Eastern Folklore. University of California publications Near Eastern studies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.Search in Google Scholar

Gershevitch, Ilya. “Zoroaster’s Own Contribution.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 23, no. 1(1964): 12-38. http://www.jstor.org/stable/543177.Search in Google Scholar

Gnoli, Gerardo. “Indo-Iranian Religion”. 2004. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York, 1996-. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/indo-iranian-religion. Accessed online June 9, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Goleman, Daniel. The Meditative Mind: The Varieties of Meditative Experience. Los Angeles/New York: J.P. Tarcher, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Grenet, Frantz. “Zoroastrianism in Central Asia”. In eds. Michael Stausberg and Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina, Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, 129-146, 2009.10.1002/9781118785539.ch8Search in Google Scholar

Gschwandtner, Christina M. “The Neighbor and the Infinite: Marion and Levinas on the Encounter between Self, Human Other, and God”. Continental Philosophy Review 40(2007), 231-249.10.1007/s11007-006-9036-zSearch in Google Scholar

Henry, Michel. Material Phenomenology. 1st ed, Perspectives in continental philosophy. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Hubbard, Timothy L. “Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings.” Psychological Bulletin 136:2 (2010), 302-29. doi: 10.1037/a0018436, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Humbach, Helmut. Die Gathas des Zarathustra. 2 vols, Indogermanische Bibliothek, Erste Reihe, Lehr- und Handbücher. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1959.Search in Google Scholar

Humbach, Helmut, J. H. Elfenbein, and Prods O. Skjarvo. The Gāthās of Zarathushtra, and the Other Old Avestan Texts. 2 vols, Indogermanische Bibliothek, Erste Reihe, Lehr- und Handbüche. Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Humbach, Helmut, and Klaus Faiss. Zarathushtra and His Antagonists: A Sociolinguistic Study with English and German Translation of His Gathas. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations. Trans. Dorian Cairns. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1965.Search in Google Scholar

Husserl, Edmund. Logical Investigations. Trans. J. N. Findlay. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970.Search in Google Scholar

Husserl, Edmund. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy. Book 1. The Hague; London: Nijhoff, 1980.10.1007/978-94-009-8779-1Search in Google Scholar

Ibn al-ʻArabī. The Wisdom of the Prophets. Aldsworth: Beshara.Search in Google Scholar

Ibn al-ʻArabī. The Tarjumán al-Ašwāq: A Collection of Mystical Odes. Trans. R. Nicholson. London / Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1978.Search in Google Scholar

Insler, Stanley. The Gāthās of Zarathustra. Acta Iranica. Leiden/Téhéran: Diffusion E.J. Brill, Édition Bibliothèque Pahlavi, 1975.Search in Google Scholar

Iribarne, Julia. Contributions to the Phenomenology of Dreams. Phainomena 55 (2006), 225-234.Search in Google Scholar

Kahan, Tracey L., and Stephanie Claudatos. “Phenomenological Features of Dreams: Results from Dream Log Studies Using the Subjective Experiences Rating Scale (SERS).” Consciousness and Cognition 41 (2016), 159-176. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.007.Search in Google Scholar

Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus. The Bliss of Aša. Indo-Iranian Journal 8: 2 (1964), 96-129.10.1163/000000064790086280Search in Google Scholar

Katha Upanishad; with Sanskrit text. Trans. Sravananda. Upanishad series,. Mylapore, Madras,: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 1973.Search in Google Scholar

Lacoste, Jean-Yves. Experience and the Absolute: Disputed Questions on the Humanity of Man. 1st ed, Perspectives in continental philosophy. New York: Fordham University Press, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Landgrebe Ludwig. “Regions of Being And Regional Ontologies in Husserl’s Phenomenology.” In: McKenna W., Harlan R.M., Winters L.E. (eds.) Apriori and World. Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Texts, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht, 1981.10.1007/978-94-009-8201-7_6Search in Google Scholar

Levinas, Emmanuel. “Beginning with Heidegger”. In Levinas, E., God, Death, and Time, 121-125. Trans. Bettina Bergo. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.10.1515/9781503618244-027Search in Google Scholar

Levinas, Emmanuel. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Duquesne studies Philosophical series. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Irene. “Elevating Human Being: Towards a New Sort of Naturalism”. Philosophy 92(2017), 597-622. doi:10.1017/S0031819117000316 .Search in Google Scholar

Louchakova-Schwartz, Olga. “Cognitive Phenomenology in the Study of Tibetan Meditation.” In Neurophenomenology: Its Applications to Psychology edited by Susan Gordon, 61-87. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Louchakova-Schwartz, Olga. “Dia-Log(os): Genesis of Communicological Virtues in the Phenomenology of Life, with the Reference to the Advaita Vedānta of Śaṅkara”. In A-T. Tymieniecka (ed.), Analecta Husserliana, CXVII. Phenomenology of Space and Time. 193-206. Dordrecht: Springer, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Louchakova-Schwartz, Olga. “A Phenomenological Approach to Illuminationist Philosophy: Suhrawardī’s Nūr Mujarrad and Husserl’s Reduction”. Philosophy East and West, 64:2(2015), 1052-81.Search in Google Scholar

Louchakova-Schwartz, Olga. “Theophanis the Monk and Monoimus the Arab in a Phenomenological-Cognitive Perspective”. Open Theology 2:1 (2016). DOI: 10.1515/opth-2016-0005.10.1515/opth-2016-0005Search in Google Scholar

Louchakova-Schwartz, Olga. “Qualia of God: Phenomenological Materiality in Introspection, with a Reference to Advaita Vedanta”. Open Theology, 3:1(2017), 257-273. DOI: 10.1515/opth-2017-0021.10.1515/opth-2017-0021Search in Google Scholar

Macbeath, Alexander. Experiments in Living. Gifford Lectures for 1948-1949 in the University of St. Andrews. London: Macmillan, 1952.Search in Google Scholar

Malandra, William W. “Gathas ii”. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2000, retrieved from http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ gathas-ii-translationsSearch in Google Scholar

Malandra, William W. “Zoroaster ii. General Survey”. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2009. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-ii-general-survey. Accessed July 10, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Marcato, Leonardo. “Mystical Experience as Existential Knowledge in Raimon Panikkar’s Navasūtrāni”. In The Problem of Religious Experience, ed. O. Louchakova-Schwartz. Springer. Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar

Meaidi, Amani, Poul Jennum, Maurice Ptito, and Ron Kupers. “The Sensory Construction of Dreams and Nightmare Frequency in Congenitally Blind and Late Blind Individuals.” Sleep Medicine 15:5 (2014), 586-95. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.12.008.Search in Google Scholar

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Signs. Northwestern University studies in phenomenology & existential philosophy. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1964.Search in Google Scholar

Mou, Lei, Maoxu Li, Dongcheng Xu, Wenling Qin, Xinagjing Liu, Meng Zhang, and Shanshan Li. “Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Correlates of Subconscious Auditory Processing During Anesthesia and Their Implications in Anesthesia Awareness.” Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics 73:1(2015), 147-53. doi: 10.1007/s12013-015-0629-1.Search in Google Scholar

Natanson, Maurice. “Alfred Schutz: Philosopher and Social Scientist”. Human Studies 21 (1998), 1-12.10.1023/A:1005381432621Search in Google Scholar

Nir, Yuval, and Giulio Tononi. “Dreaming and the Brain: From Phenomenology to Neurophysiology”. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14:2 (2010), 88. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.001.10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.001Search in Google Scholar

Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923.Search in Google Scholar

Porete, Marguerite. The Mirror of Simple Souls, The classics of Western spirituality. Trans. Ellen L. Babinsky. New York: Paulist Press, 1993.Search in Google Scholar

Pringuey, Dominique. “Phenomenology of Dreams.” Bulletin de l’Académie Nationale de Médecine 195:7 (2011), 1597-608; discussion 1608-10.10.1016/S0001-4079(19)31956-9Search in Google Scholar

Robson, Mark Ian Thomas. “Is Ultimate Moral Responsibility Metaphysically Impossible? A Bergsonian Critique of Galen Strawson’s Argument”. Philosophy 92(2017), 519-538. doi:10.1017/S0031819117000079 .Search in Google Scholar

Rush, Fred L. “Reason and Regulation in Kant.” The Review of Metaphysics 53:4 (2000), 837-62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20131444. Accessed July 23, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Sandmeyer, Bob. Husserl’s Constitutive Phenomenology. New York: Rouledge, 2009.10.4324/9780203883457Search in Google Scholar

Śaṅkarācārya, Bhāratītīrtha, and Mādhava. Drg̣-Dṛśya-Viveka: An Inquiry into the Nature of the ‘Seer’ and the ʻSeen’, translated by Swami Nikhilānanda. 4th Edition. Mysore, India: Sri Ramakrishna Ashrama, 1964.Search in Google Scholar

Schutz, Alfred. “On Multiple Realities”. In Collected Papers 1: The Problem of Social Reality, ed. M. Natanson, 207-259. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. The Indo-European Vocabulary of Exchange, Hospitality, and Intimacy. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 188-204. Berkeley: Linguistic Society, 1982.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Coded Sound Patterns, Acrostics, and Anagrams in Zoroaster’s Oral Poetry,” In Rudiger Schmitt, and Prods Oktor Skjarvo (eds.), Studia Grammatica Iranica, Festschrift fur Helmut Humbach, Munchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beiheft 13 N.F. Munchen: R. Kizinger, 327-392, 1986.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “The Ties that Bind: on the Form and Content of Zarathushtra’s Mysticism”. In New Approaches to Interpretation in the Giithiis, Proceedings of the First Giithii Colloquium [Croyden, 5’h-7th November I 993], F.Vajifdar, ed. London: C. S. Podd & Son, 127-197, 1986.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Sound, Sense, and “Seeing””. In Zoroaster: The Outer Reaches of Orality, in International Indo-lranian Congress Proceedings, Bombay: K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, 127-163, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Revelations, Theology, and Poetics in the Gathas”. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 14( 2000), 1-18. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24049010. Accessed June 30, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Encryptions in the Gathas: Zarathushtra’s Variations on the Theme of Bliss,” in Religious Themes and Texts of Pre-Islamic Iran and Central Asia. Studies in honor of Professor Gherardo Gnoli on the occasion of his 65th birthday on 6th December 2002, eds. Carlo G.Cereti, Mauro Maggi, Elio Provasi (Wiesbaden, 2003a), 375-390, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Gathic Compositional History, Yasna 29, and Bovine Symbolism”, Chapter 10 in Siamak Adhami (ed.), Paitimāna, V. 2, Costa Meza, CA: Mazdā Publishers, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “How Zarathushtra Generated the Gathic Corpus: Inner textual and Intertextual Composition.” Bulletin of Asia Institute, 16 (2002[2006]):53-64.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Old Avestan Poetics.” In La langue poétique indo-européenne. Actes du colloque de travail de la Societe des Etudes Indo-Europeenne, Paris, 22-24 octobre 2003, ed. G.J. Pinault and D. Petit, 459-98. Leuven, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “The Hymn to Haoma in Gathic Transformation: Traces of Iranian Poetry before Zarathushtra”. In Antonio Panaino (ed.), The Scholarly contribution of Ilya Gershevitch to the development of Iranian Studies, 85-106. Milan: Mimesis, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “On Haoma and Its Liturgy, in the Gathas”. In Antonio Panaino and Andrea Piras (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Societas Iranologica Europaea, Vol.1, 215-224. Milan: Mimesis, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “The Composition of the Gathas and Zarathushtra’ s Authorship”. In Fereydun Vahman and Claus V. Pedersen, Religious Texts in Iranian Languages, Symposium held in Copenhagen May 2002. Kobenhavn: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 45-56, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Pouruchista’s Gathic Wedding and the Teleological Composition of the Gathas”. In Exegisti Monumenta, ed. Wener Sundermann, Almut Hintze, and Francois de Blois, 429-47. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Gathic Composition and Lexicology”. Iran Nameh, 29:2(2014), 22-28.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Dimensions of the Gāthās as Poetry”. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, eds MichaelSearch in Google Scholar

Stausberg and Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina, 51-8, 2015.10.32745/9783954665174-2.3Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “Indo-Iranian Manyu-, Gathic Dualism, and Its Indo-Iranian Root”. In Velizar Sadovski, Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred Mayrhofer. Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. *√KSEN, *KSENU-, *√KSN(E)U: Indo-European Reciprocity and its Gathic Iconicity. In Velizar Sadovski (ed.). Festschrift. Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. “A Preliterate Acrostic in the Gathas: Crosstextual and Compositional Evidence”, for DABIR 06, Gedenkschrift H.-P. Schmidt. Forthcoming.Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz, Martin. God/Gods in Pre-Islamic Iran. Lecture for Asha Vahishta Initiative Conference “Re-Imagining Faith, Reclaiming of Fellowship in Diaspora”, May 26, 2018. Retrieved Sept. 3, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpqK3LrXM40.Search in Google Scholar

Seyler, Frederic. “Michel Henry”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/michel-henry/>. Accessed July 17, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

Skjarvo, Prods Oktor. The Gāthās as Myth and Ritual. In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, eds. MichaelSearch in Google Scholar

Stausberg and Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina, 59-68. Oxford, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Steinbock, Anthony J. The Verticality of Religious Experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Steinbock, Anthony J. “Evidence in the Phenomenology of Religious Experience”. In The Oxford Book of Contemporary Phenomenology, Dan Zahavi (ed.), 583-608. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594900.013.0029Search in Google Scholar

Strausberg, Michael. “Zarathushtra: Post-Gathic Trajectories”. In Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, eds MichaelSearch in Google Scholar

Stausberg and Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina, 69-82, 2015.10.1002/9781118785539.ch4Search in Google Scholar

Vallat, Rafael, Tarek Lajnef, Jean-Baptiste Eichenlaub, Chistian Berthomier, Karim Jerbi, Dominique Morlet, and Perrin M.Ruby. “Increased Evoked Potentials to Arousing Auditory Stimuli during Sleep: Implication for the Understanding of Dream Recall.” Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 11(2017), 132. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00132.Search in Google Scholar

Westphal, Merold. “Vision and Voice: Phenomenology and Theology in the Work of Jean-Luc Marion.” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 60:1/3 (2006), 117-37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27646182.Search in Google Scholar

Westphal, Merold. “Phenomenology”. In Nicholas Adams, George Pattison, and Graham Ward (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Theology and Modern European Thought, 523-541. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Windt, Jennifer M. “Are Dreams Subjective Experiences (II)? The Phenomenology of Thinking and the Problem of Dream Belief”. In (Ed.), Dreaming: A Conceptual Framework for Philosophy of Mind and Empirical Research. The MIT Press, 2015. Retrieved 17 Jul. 2018, from http://mitpress.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/ mitpress/9780262028677.001.0001/upso-9780262028677-chapter-9.Search in Google Scholar

Zadra, Antonio L., Tore A. Nielsen, and Don C. Donderi. “Prevalence of Auditory, Olfactory, and Gustatory Experiences in Home Dreams.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 87:3 Pt 1(1998), 819-26. doi: 10.2466/pms.1998.87.3.819.Search in Google Scholar

Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’s Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.10.1093/oso/9780199684830.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Zippel, Nicola. “Dreaming Consciousness: A Contribution from Phenomenology”. Rivista Internazionale di Philosophia e Psicologia 7:2(2016), 180-201. DOI: 10.4453/rifp.2016.001910.4453/rifp.2016.0019Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-07-28
Accepted: 2018-08-17
Published Online: 2018-10-18
Published in Print: 2018-10-01

© by Olga Louchakova-Schwartz, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Downloaded on 29.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opth-2018-0036/html
Scroll to top button