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# Open Physics

### formerly Central European Journal of Physics

Editor-in-Chief: Seidel, Sally

Managing Editor: Lesna-Szreter, Paulina

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Volume 15, Issue 1

# Conservation laws, classical symmetries and exact solutions of the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation

Maria S. Bruzón
/ Elena Recio
/ Tamara M. Garrido
/ Almudena P. Márquez
Published Online: 2017-06-16 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0048

## Abstract

For a generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation we have studied conservation laws by using the multiplier method, and investigated its first-level and second-level potential systems. Furthermore, the Lie point symmetries of the equation and the Lie point symmetries associated with the conserved vectors are determined. We obtain travelling wave reductions depending on the form of an arbitrary function. We present some explicit solutions: soliton solutions, kinks and antikinks.

PACS: 02.30.Jr; 02.20.Sv

## 1 Introduction

This paper considers the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation $ut+f(u)x=μuxx+δuxxx−λuxxxx=0,$(1) where μ > 0 represents a dissipative effect, δ ∈ ℝ is a stroboscopic coefficient, λ ≥ 0 represents an unstable function and f is a nonlinear function. It is a dissipative, stroboscopic and unstable system in physics [2], which generalizes the KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation $ut+uux+αuxx+βuxxx+γuxxxx=0$(2) where α, β and γ are constants.

Both equations have been in focus of many researchers due to their applications to many phenomena that are simultaneously involved in nonlinearity, dissipation, dispersion and instability.

For example, some papers have analyzed the rarefaction waves of this equation in order to find a relation between its stability and its strength and initial perturbation. In [1] is shown that rarefaction waves are nonlinearly stable, provided that the initial perturbation is large. However, in [2] is shown that nonlinearly stable rarefaction waves are associated with sufficiently small strength and initial perturbation.

On the other hand, in [3] exact solutions are obtained by using trigonometric function expansion method, exact travelling wave solutions have been obtained also in [4] by a generalized F-expansion method and, moreover, in [5] the first available numerical solutions are obtained by an homotopy analysis method.

In addition lots of works even have studied the fractional KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation. For instance, in [6] its solution is obtained by using the He’s variational iteration method and Adomian’s decomposition method.

Conservation laws have important uses in the study of PDEs in which certain physical properties do not change in the course of time, especially for determining conserved quantities and constants of motion. They are also useful for detecting integrability and linearizations, finding potentials and nonlocally-related systems, as well as checking the accuracy of numerical solution methods.

Moreover, as part of this analysis of (1), we have studied the conservation laws of the equation. Anco and Bluman proposed the multiplier method [7-9] that gave a general treatment of a direct conservation law for partial differential equations and we have applied it. Few examples of the multiplier method can be found in [10-13].

We have applied the classical Lie method to (1). Lie classical method [14] is a successful method with a wider applicability in physics due to its important applications in the context of differential equations [15]. There are many researchers that applied this method to partial differential equations to understand and study in depth several phenomena.

As example, Ndlovu and Moitsheki studied the Lie point symmetries admitted by the transient heat conduction problem [16], Gandarias and Khalique worked with symmetries in a generalization of the damped externally excited KdV equation [17], De la Rosa and Bruzón obtained classical and nonclassical symmetries of a generalized Gardner equation [18], Garrido and Bruzón made an analysis of the Generalized Drinfeld-Sokolov System [19], and so on.

As Alex J. Dragt said “One of the key discoveries of modern physics is that Lie groups are important for the description of Nature” [20]. In fact, Lie method may be used to reduce the number of independent variables of the partial differential equations (PDEs); in particular we might reduce the PDEs to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The ODEs may also have symmetries that allow us to reduce the order of the equation, and we can integrate to find exact solutions. A great progress has being made in the development of methods and their applications for finding solitary traveling-wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. Many solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations have been found by one or other of these methods [21-24].

Our present work has the following aims. We show that the generalized KdV-Burgers-Kuramoto equation (1) admits only trivial local conservation law. We use the conservation law to obtain the associated potential systems. We investigate classical and potential symmetries. From reduced equation, we obtain exact solutions.

## 2 Multiplier method. Conservation laws

A local conservation law of equation (1) is a continuity equation $DtC1+DxC2=0$(3) that holds for the whole set of solutions u(x, t), where the conserved density C1 and the spatial flux C2 are functions of x, t, u, and derivatives of u. Here Dt, Dx denote total derivatives with respect to t, x. The pair of expressions (C1, C2) is called a conserved current.

The multipliers method provides a way to find all local conservation laws admitted by any given evolution equation [14, 25]. Since equation (1) is a dispersive nonlinear evolution equation, its conservation laws of physical importance come from low-order multipliers [26, 27]. Consequently, the results in Ref.[8, 9, 14] show that all non-trivial conservation laws arise from multipliers.

Now, we expressed every non-trivial local conservation law (3) as its characteristic form $DtC¯1+DxC¯2=−ut−f(u)x+μuxx+δuxxxΛ$(4) where Λ(x, t, u, ut, ux, uxx, uxxx) is the called multiplier and (1, 2) is equivalent to (C1, C2) because they just differ by a trivial conserved current.

Moreover, the function Λ(x, t, u, ut, ux, uxx, uxxx) is a multiplier if it verifies that

(−utf(u)x + μuxx + δuxxx) Λ is a divergence expression for all function u(x, t), not only solutions of equation (1). Divergence condition can be characterized as follows $δδu(−ut−f(u)x+μuxx+δuxxxΛ)=0.$(5) So, splitting equation (5) with respect to the variables u, ut, ux, uxx, uxxx we obtained a linear determining system for Λ(x, t, u, ut, ux, uxx, uxxx), which can be solved by the same algorithmic method used to solve the determining equation for infinitesimal symmetries.

In this case, for equation (1) the multiplier obtained is Λ = 1. And finally, given the multiplier Λ, we have integrated the characteristic (4) and we have obtained the corresponding conserved density and flux $C1=u,C2=λuxxx−δuxx−μux+fu.$(6)

## 3 Lie symmetries

The Lie symmetry analysis is performed for the equation (1) by applying its classical method. It is considered a one-parameter Lie group of infinitesimal transformations in (x, t, u) given by $x∗=x+ϵξ(x,t,u)+O(ϵ2),t∗=t+ϵτ(x,t,u)+O(ϵ2),u∗=u+ϵη(x,t,u)+O(ϵ2),$(7) where ϵ is the group parameter. This transformation requires leaving invariant the set of solutions of the equation (1). Applying this condition determines an overdetermined, linear system of equations for the infinitesimals ξ(x, t, u), τ(x, t, u) and η(x, t, u). The associated Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries is the set of vector fields of the form $V=ξ(x,t,u)∂x+τ(x,t,u)∂t+η(x,t,u)∂u.$(8) Essentially, the functions u = u(x, t), which are invariant under the infinitesimal transformations (8), are solutions of the following equation named as the invariant surface condition: $η(x,t,u)−ξ(x,t,u)ux−τ(x,t,u)ut=0.$ The set of solutions of the equation (1) is invariant under the transformations (7) provided that $pr(4)V(Δ)=0whenΔ=0,$ where pr(4)V is the fourth prolongation of the vector held (8).

This yields to the following overdetermined linear system: $τu=0,τx=0,ξu=0,ηuu=0,τt−4ξx=0,4cηux−6cξxx−bξx=0,6cηuxx−3bηux−4cξxxx+3bξxx−2aξx=0,cηxxxx−bηxxx−aηxx+fηx+ηt=0,4cηuxxx−3bηuxx−2aηux+fuη+3ξxf−cξxxxx+bξxxx+aξxx−ξt.$(9) The solutions of the system (9) depend on the constants a, b, c and on the function f = f(u). By solving the system (9), four different cases have been obtained. Hence, the classification of the Lie symmetries is the following:

• Case 1. For f(u) an arbitrary function and a, b, c arbitrary constants, with c ≠ 0, the infinitesimal generators are $V1=∂xV2=∂t$

• Case 2. If f = k (Ln (u) − 1) u + m u + n and a, b, c are arbitrary constants, with c ≠ 0, the infinitesimal generators are V1, V2 and $V32=t∂x+1ku∂u$

## 4 Classical potential symmetries

In [28, 29] Bluman et al. introduced a method to find a new class of symmetries for a PDE. They are called potential symmetries and can be obtained for any differential equation which can be written as a conservation law.

It means that given scalar PDE of second order $F(x,t,u,ux,ut,uxx,uxt,utt)=0,$(10) where the subscripts denote the partial derivatives of u, it can be written as a conservation law $DDtF1(x,t,u,ux,ut)−DDxF2(x,t,u,ux,ut)=0,$(11) for some functions F1 and F2 of the indicated arguments and where $\frac{D}{Dx}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\frac{D}{Dt}$ are the total derivative operators defined by $DDx=∂∂x+ux∂∂u+uxx∂∂ux+uxt∂∂ut+…,DDt=∂∂t+ut∂∂u+uxt∂∂ux+utt∂∂ut+….$

Then if we introduce a potential variable v = v(x, t) for the PDE written in the conserved form (6), we obtain a potential system (system approach) that we call S$vx=F1(x,t,u,ux,ut),vt=F2(x,t,u,ux,ut).$(12)

Furthermore, for many physical equations one can eliminate u from the potential system (12) and form an auxiliary integrated or potential equation (integrated equation approach) $G(x,t,v,vx,vt,vxx,vxt,vtt)=0,$(13) for some function G of the indicated arguments.

On the other hand, any Lie group of transformations for (12) $XS=ξ(x,t,u,v)∂x+τ(x,t,u,v)∂t+ψ(x,t,u,v)∂u+φ(x,t,u,v)∂v.$ induces a nonlocal symmetry, potential symmetry, for the given PDE (10) when at least one of the infinitesimals which correspond to the variables x and u depends explicitly on the potential v. So, we obtain potential symmetries if and only if the following condition is satisfied $ξv2+τv2+ϕv2≠0.$(14) In order to find potential symmetries of (1) and from the conservation law (11), we consider the equation in conserved form and the associated potential system is given by $vx=u,vt=μux+δuxx−λuxxx−f(u).$(15)

In the present work, we present the point symmetries of (15) and we study which symmetries induce potential symmetries of equation (1). These symmetries are such that the condition (14) is satisfied. If the above relation does not hold, then the point symmetries of (15) project into point symmetries of (1).

A Lie point symmetry admitted by S(x, t, u, v) is a symmetry characterized by an infinitesimal transformation of the form $x∗=x+ϵξ(x,t,u,v)+O(ϵ2)t∗=t+ϵτ(x,t,u,v)+O(ϵ2)u∗=u+ϵη(x,t,u,v)+O(ϵ2)v∗=v+ϵφ(x,t,u,v)+O(ϵ2)$(16) admitted by system (15). System (15) admits Lie symmetries if and only if $pr(1)X(vx−u)=0,pr(3)X(vt−μux−δuxx+λuxxx+f(u))=0,$ where pr(3)V is the third extended generator of $XS=ξ(x,t,u,v)∂x+τ(x,t,u,v)∂t+ψ(x,t,u,v)∂u+φ(x,t,u,v)∂v.$

In other words, we require that the infinitesimal generator leaves invariant the set of solutions of (15). This yields to an overdetermined system of thirteen equations for the infinitesimals ξ(x, t, u, v), τ(x, t, u, v), ψ(x, t, u, v) and ϕ(x, t, u, v).

From this system we have obtained that $ξ=ξ(x,t),τ=τ(t),ψ=α(x,t,v)u+β(x,t,v),φ=φ(x,t,v)$ where ξ, τ, α, β and ϕ must satisfy the following equations $aαv=0,φv−α−τt+3ξx=0,4aαvu+aβv+3aαx−3aξxx−bξx=0,φvu−αu−ξxu+φx−β=0,6aαvvu2+3aβvvu+9aαvxu−3bαvu+3aβvx−bβv+3aαxx−2bαx−aξxxx+bξxx−2cξx=0,aαvvvu4+aβvvvu3+3aαvvxu3−bαvvu3+3aβvvxu2−bβvvu2+3aαvxxu2−2bαvxu2−cαvu2+3aβvxxu−2bβvxu−cβvu+aαxxxu−bαxxu−cαxu+fuαu−ξtu+φt+aβxxx−bβxx−cβx+fuβ−fα+3ξxf=0$(17)

From system (17) we have considered the following cases:

• The parameters a, b, c are arbitrary constants, with c ≠ 0, and f is an arbitrary function. From system (17) we have obtained the infinitesimals: $ξ=k1,τ=k2,φ=k3,ψ=0.$ However, it is not a potential symmetry of the equation (1) because the condition (14) is not satisfied.

• If f = k (Ln (u) − 1) u + m u + n, from system (17) we have obtained the infinitesimals: $ξ=k1t+k2,τ=k3,ψ=−k1u,φ=k1v+t1−kk1u+k1n+r.$ And again, it is not a potential symmetry of the equation (1) because the condition (14) is not satisfied.

Consequently, we have concluded that the equation (1) does not admit potential symmetries.

## 5 Similarity Reductions

Having determined the infinitesimals, the symmetry variables are found by solving the characteristic equation which is equivalent to solving the invariant surface condition $η(x,t,u)−ξ(x,t,u)ux−τ(x,t,u)ut=0.$(18)

#### Case 1

For a, b, c and f(u) arbitrary, the only symmetries admitted by (1) are the group of space and time translations, which are defined by the infinitesimal generators $v1=∂x,v2=∂t.$ Substituting the infinitesimals in the invariant surface condition (18) we obtain the similarity variable and the similarity solution $z=μx−ωt,u(x,t)=h(z).$(19) Substituting (22) into (1) we obtain $λμ4h⁗−δμ3h‴−μ3h″+μfhh′−ωh′=0.$(20) Integrating once with respect to z we get $λμ4h‴−δμ3h″−μ3h′+μf−ωh+A=0,$(21) where A is an integrating constant.

#### Case 2

If f = k (Ln (u) − 1) u + m u + n and a, b, c are arbitrary constants, with c ≠ 0. We provide next the generators of the nontrivial one-dimensional optimal system which are V1, V2 + V3. Substituting the infinitesimals of the subalgebra V2 + V3 into the invariant surface condition (18) we obtain the similarity variable and the similarity solution $z=x−t22,u(x,t)=h(z)exp⁡(tk).$(22) Substituting (22) into (1) we obtain $λh⁗−δh‴−μh″+mh′+kloghh′+hk=0.$(23)

## 6 Travelling wave solutions

Let us assume that equation (21) has solution of the form $h=aHb(z),$(24) where a, b are parameters and H(z) can be: a solution of Jacobi equation $(H′)2=r+pH2+qH4,$(25) with r, p and q constants; an exponential function or a polynomial function.

If H is solution of equation (25) we can distinguish three subcases: (i) H is the Jacobi elliptic sine function, sn(z, m), (ii) H is the Jacobi elliptic cosine function, cn(z, m), (iii) H is the Jacobi elliptic function of the third kind dn(z, m). We substitute the solution H into ODE y we determine f(h). In the following we give four examples of equations, which are solutions with physical interest:

• For $f(h)=1−h60λh2−12δ1−hh−60λh+3h+4δ1−h+1−h+8λ−2$

where h(z) = cn2(z, 1) is a solution of (21) and taking into account that cn(z, 1) = sech(z), we obtain that for ω = μ = 1 $u(x,t)=sech2(x−t)$(26) is a solution of equation (1) with $f\left(u\right)\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}=\frac{60\lambda {u}^{2}-12\delta \sqrt{1-u}u-60\lambda u+3u+4\delta \sqrt{1-u}+\sqrt{1-u}+8\lambda -2}{\sqrt{1-u}}.$ In Figure 1, we plot a solution (26), which describes a soliton.
• For $f(h)=128851−hh348003λh+24532h−96532δ1−hh34+28851−hh34−250332λh−18532h+36532δ1−hh14+25332λ,$

where h(z) = cn4(z, 0) is a solution of (21), and taking into account that cn(z, 0) = cos(z), we obtain that for $\mu =\omega =\frac{k}{2}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}k=\sqrt{\frac{5}{12}}$$u(x,t)=cos4k2(x−t)|x−t|≤πk,0|x−t|>πk$(27) is a solution of Eq. (1) with $f(u)=128851−uu348003λu+24532u−96532δ1−uu34+28851−uu34−250332λu−18532u+36532δ1−uu14+25332λ.$ In Figure 2, we plot a solution (27), which is a compacton solution with a single peak.
• For $F(h)=121−hh+11−h212δ1−hh2h+11−h2−4δ1−hh+11−h2+1−hh+11−h2−48λh5+80λh3+4h3−32λh−4h,$

where $h\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{4}\text{sn}\left(z,1\right)$ is a solution of (21), and taking into account that sn(z, 1) = tanh(z), we obtain that for μ = 1 and $\omega =\frac{1}{2}$$u(x,t)=14tanhx−t2$(28) is a solution of Eq. (1) with $f(u)=121−hh+11−h212δ1−hh2h+11−h2−4δ1−hh+11−h2+1−hh+11−h2−48λh5+80λh3+4h3−32λh−4h$ In Figure 3, we plot a solution (28), which describes a kink solution.
• For $F\left(h\right)=\frac{{Q}_{1}}{54\sqrt{1-h}{h}^{3}\sqrt{h+1}\sqrt{1-{h}^{2}}}$ with $Q1=168δ1−hh5h+11−h2−12δ1−hh3h+11−h2+271−hh3h+11−h2+60δ1−hhh+11−h2−560λh8+800λh6+72h6−192λh4−36h4−208λh2−36h2+160λ,$

where h(z) = sn3(z, 1) is a solution of (21), and taking into account that sn(z, 1) = tanh(z), we obtain that for μ = l and $\lambda =\frac{1}{2}$$u(x,t)=tanh3x−t2$(29) is a solution of equation (1) for $f\left(u\right)=\frac{{Q}_{2}}{54\sqrt{1-u}{u}^{3}\sqrt{u+1}\sqrt{1-{u}^{2}}}$ and $Q2=168δ1−uu5u+11−u2−12δ1−uu3u+11−u2+271−uu3u+11−u2+60δ1−uuu+11−u2−560λu8+800λu6+72u6−192λu4−36u4−208λu2−36u2+160λ.$ In Figure 4, we plot a solution (29), which describes an anti-kink solution.

Figure 1

Solution (26)

Figure 2

Solution (27)

Figure 3

Solution (28)

Figure 4

Solution (29)

## 7 Conclusions

By using the multipliers conservation laws method we exhibited that equation (1) only admits trivial conservation laws. The method of Lie group analysis is applied to the investigation of symmetry properties, as well as corresponding reduced ordinary differential equations. We have proved that the potential symmetries project into point symmetries of Eq. (1). We derive for some functions many exact solutions which are solitons, kinks, anti-kinks and compactons.

## Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the financial support from Junta de Andalucía group FQM-201, Universidad de Cádiz and they express their sincere gratitude to the Plan Propio de Investigación de la Universidad de Cádiz.

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Accepted: 2017-02-17

Published Online: 2017-06-16

Citation Information: Open Physics, Volume 15, Issue 1, Pages 433–439, ISSN (Online) 2391-5471,

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