Show Summary Details
More options …

# Open Physics

### formerly Central European Journal of Physics

Editor-in-Chief: Seidel, Sally

Managing Editor: Lesna-Szreter, Paulina

1 Issue per year

IMPACT FACTOR 2016 (Open Physics): 0.745
IMPACT FACTOR 2016 (Central European Journal of Physics): 0.765

CiteScore 2017: 0.83

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.241
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 0.537

Open Access
Online
ISSN
2391-5471
See all formats and pricing
More options …
Volume 16, Issue 1

# Computational methods and traveling wave solutions for the fourth-order nonlinear Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur water wave dynamical equation via two methods and its applications

Asghar Ali
• Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
• Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Multan Campus, Multan, Pakistan
• Other articles by this author:
• Corresponding author
• Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Medina, Saudi Arabia
• Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
• Other articles by this author:
/ Dianchen Lu
• Corresponding author
• Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
• Other articles by this author:
Published Online: 2018-05-24 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0032

## Abstract

The aim of this article is to construct some new traveling wave solutions and investigate localized structures for fourth-order nonlinear Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS) water wave dynamical equation. The simple equation method (SEM) and the modified simple equation method (MSEM) are applied in this paper to construct the analytical traveling wave solutions of AKNS equation. The different waves solutions are derived by assigning special values to the parameters. The obtained results have their importance in the field of physics and other areas of applied sciences. All the solutions are also graphically represented. The constructed results are often helpful for studying several new localized structures and the waves interaction in the high-dimensional models.

PACS: 02.30.Jr; 05.45.Yv; 02.30.Ik

## 1 Introduction

Several dynamical nonlinear problems in the field of applied physics and other areas of natural science are generally characterized by nonlinear evolution of partial differential equations (PDEs) well-known as governing equations [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Such nonlinear PDEs play a vital role in physical science to understand the nonlinear complex physical phenomena. The analytical solutions of nonlinear PDEs have their own importance in the various branches of mathematical physical sciences, applied sciences and other areas of engineering to understand their physical interpretation. Therefore, the search for an exact solution of nonlinear systems has been an interesting and important topic for mathematicians and physicists in nonlinear science. Many powerful and systemic methods have been developed to construct the solutions of nonlinear PDEs such as, Hirota bilinear method, tanh-coth method, Exp-function method, multi linear variable separation approach method, modified extended direct algebraic method, simple equation method, modified simple equation method, variable coefficients method, extended auxiliary equation method [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].

In PDEs, the AKNS equations are very important and have many applications in the field of physics and other nonlinear sciences. These equations are reduced the some nonlinear evolution equations such as sine-Gordon equations, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, KdV equation etc. Different methods have been used to acquire explicit solutions of the AKNS equations, inverse scattering transformation, the Bäcklund transformation, the Darboux transformation [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28].

In the current work, we consider the well known fourth-Order nonlinear AKNS water wave equation [19] with a perturbation parameter β in the form of

$4vxt+vxxxt+8vxvxy+4vxxvy−βvxx=0.$(1)

we have employed proposed simple equation method and modified simple equation method on equation (1) to obtain new exact solitary wave solutions with different parameters. To the best of our knowledge, no work has been done in previous study by employing the current proposed methods. The obtained solutions are useful in physical sciences and help to understand the physical phenomena.

The article is structured as follows. The main steps of the proposed methods are given in Section 2. In Section 3 we apply the proposed methods to Eq. (1) for constructing solitary wave solution. Finally, the summary of this work is given in Section 4.

## 2.1 Simple equation method

In this section, simple equation method (SEM) will be applied to obtain the solitary wave solutions for Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur water wave equation. Consider the nonlinear PDE in form

$Fu,ux,uy,ut,uxx,uyy,utt,...=0,$(2)

where F is called a polynomial function of u(x, y, t) and its partial derivatives in which the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms are involved. The basic key steps of SEM are as follows:

• Step 1.

Consider traveling wave transformation

$u(x,y,t)=V(ξ),ξ=x+y+ωt,$(3)

by utilizing the above transformation, the Eq. (2) is reduced into ODE as:

$GV,V′,V″,V‴,...=0,$(4)

where G is a polynomial in V(ξ) its derivatives with respect to ξ.

• Step 2.

Let us assume that the solution of Eq. (4) has the form:

$V(ξ)=∑i=−MMAiψi(ξ),$(5)

where Ai (i = -M, -M+1,…,-1,0,1,…, M) is arbitrary constants which can be determined latter and M is a positive integer, which can be calculated by homogeneous balance principle on Eq. (4).

Let ψ satisfies the following equation:

$ψ′(ξ)=b0+b1ψ+b2ψ2+b3ψ3,$(6)

where b0, b1, b2, b3, are arbitrary constants.

• Step 3.

Substituting Eq. (5) along with Eq. (6) into Eq. (4), and collecting the coefficients of (ψ)j, then setting coefficients equal to zero, we obtained a system of algebraic equations in parameters b0, b1, b2, b3, ω and Ai. The system of algebraic equations is solved with the help of Mathematica and we get the values of these parameters.

• Step 4.

By substituting all these values of parameters and ψ into Eq. (5), we obtained the required solutions of Eq. (2).

## 2.2 Modified simple equation method

In this section, we describe the algorithm of modified simple equation method (MSEM) to obtain the solitary wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. Consider the nonlinear evolution equation in the form

$Gu,ux,uy,ut,uxx,uyy,utt,...=0,$(7)

where G is a polynomial function of u(x, t) and its partial derivatives in which the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms are involved. The basics keysteps are:

• Step 1.

Consider travelling wave transformation

$u(x,y,t)=U(ξ), ξ=x+y+ωt,$(8)

By utilizing the above transformation into Eq. (7), the Eq. (7) is reduced into ODE as

$HU,U′,U″,U‴,...=0,$(9)

where H is a polynomial in U(ξ) its derivatives with respect to ξ.

• Step 2.

Let us assume that the solution of Eq. (9) has the form:

$U(ξ)=∑M=0NBMΨ′(ξ)Ψ(ξ)M,$(10)

where BM are arbitrary constants to be determined, such that BN ≠ 0 and Ψ(ξ) is to be determined.

• Step 3.

The postive integer N can be determined by applying the homogeneous balance technique between the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms as in Eq. (7).

• Step 4.

We calculate all the required derivatives of U′, U″, U′″… and substitute into Eq. (10) and (9). We obtain a polynomial of Ψj(ξ) with the derivatives of Ψ(ξ). We equate all the coefficients of Ψj(ξ) to zero, where j ≥ 0. This procedure yields a system of equations which can be solved to find BM, Ψ(ξ) and Ψ (ξ).

• Step 5.

We substitute the values of BM, Ψ(ξ) and Ψ (ξ) into Eq. (10) and (8) to complete the determination of exact solution of Eq. (1).

## 3.1 Applications of SEM

In this section we apply the method which is described in Section 2.1 on Eq. (1). Consider the traveling waves transformation

$v(x,y,t)=V(ξ), ξ=x+y+kt,$(11)

where k is arbitrary constant, which can be determined later. By using the above transformation to the Eq. (1) into the following ordinary differential equation and integrated

$(4k−β)V′+6V′2+kV‴=0.$(12)

Now applying the homogeneous balance principle between (V′)2 and V′″ in Eq. (12), we get M = 2. We suppose the solution of Eq. (12) has the form:

$V(ξ)=A−2ψ−2+A−1ψ−1+A0+A1ψ+A2ψ2.$(13)

Substituting Eq. (13) along Eq. (6) into Eq. (12), we get system of algebraic equation in parameters b0, b1, b2, b3, β, k, A0, A–1, A–2, A1, A2. The system of algebraic equations can be solved for these parameters, we have following solutions cases.

• Case 1.

b3 = 0,

Family-I

$k=βb12−4b0b2+4,A−1=βb0b12−4b0b2+4,A2=0,A1=0,A−2=0.$(14)

Substituting Eq. (14) into Eq. (6), then the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v1(x,y,t)⋅−2b2b0β(b12−4b0b2+4)(b1−4b0b2−b12tan⁡(4b0b2−b122(ξ+ξ0)))+A0,4b0b2>b12,$(15)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y+\frac{\beta }{{b}_{1}^{2}-4{b}_{0}{b}_{2}+4}t.\end{array}$

Family-II

$k=βb12−4b0b2+4,A1=βb2−b12+4b0b2−4,A−1=0,A−2=0,A2=0.$(16)

Substituting Eq. (16) into Eq. (6), then the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v2(x,y,t)=A0+β(b1−4b0b2−b12tan⁡(4b0b2−b122(ξ+ξ0)))(2b12−8b0b2+8),4b0b2>b12,$(17)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y+\frac{\beta }{{b}_{1}^{2}-4{b}_{0}{b}_{2}+4}t.\end{array}$

Figure 1

Exact solitary wave solutions of Eq. (15) and Eq. (17) are plotted by choosing the values of parameters A0 = 1.5, b1 = 0.5, β = 1, ξ0 = 1: (a) periodic solitary wave of v1 at b2 = 1, b0 = 1 and (b) periodic solitary of v2 at b2 = –2, b0 = –1

• Case 2.

b0 = b3 = 0,

$k=βb12+4,A1=−βb2b12+4,A−1=0,A−2=0,A2=0.$(18)

Substituting Eq. (18) into Eq. (6) the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v31(x,y,t)=A0+−βb2b1eb1(ξ+ξ0)(b12+4)(1−b2eb1(ξ+ξ0)),b1>0;$(19)

$v32(x,y,t)=A0+βb2b1eb1(ξ+ξ0)(b12+4)(1+b2eb1(ξ+ξ0)),b1<0;$(20)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y+\frac{\beta }{{b}_{1}^{2}+4}t.\end{array}$

Figure 2

Exact solitary wave solutions of Eq. (19) and Eq. (20) are plotted by choosing the values of parameters as: A0 = 0.5, b2 = 0.5, β = –0.5, ξ0 = –0.5: (a) solitary wave of v31 at b1 = 0.5 and (b) solitary wave of v32 at b1 = –0.5

• Case 3.

b1 = b3 = 0,

Family-I

$k=−β4b0b2−1,A1=0,A−1=−βb04b0b2−1,A−2=0,A2=0.$(21)

Substituting Eq. (21) into Eq. (6) the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v41(x,y,t)=b2b0β(−4b0b2+4)b0b2tan⁡(b0b2(ξ+ξ0)+A0,b0b2>0;$(22)

$v42(x,y,t)=b2b0β(4b0b2−4)−b0b2tanh⁡(−b0b2(ξ+ξ0)+A0,b0b2<0;$(23)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y-\frac{\beta }{4\left({b}_{0}{b}_{2}-1\right)}t.\end{array}$

Figure 3

Exact solitary wave solutions of Eq. (22) and Eq. (23) are plotted by choosing these values of parameters at: A0 = –1.5, β = 1, ξ0 = 1: (a) periodic solitary wave of v41 at b0 = –0.5, b2 = –1 and (b) solitary wave of v42 at b0 = –0.5, b2 = 1

Family-II

$k=−β4b0b2−1,A1=βb24b0b2−1,A−1=0,A−2=0,A2=0.$(24)

Substituting Eq. (24) into Eq. (6) the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v51(x,y,t)=A0+βb0b2tan⁡(b0b2(ξ+ξ0))4b0b2−1,b0b2>0;$(25)

$V52(x,y,t)=A0+β−b0b2tanh⁡(−b0b2(ξ+ξ0))−4b0b2+4,b0b2<0;$(26)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y-\frac{\beta }{4\left({b}_{0}{b}_{2}-1\right)}t.\end{array}$

Figure 4

Exact solutions of Eq. (25) and Eq. (26) are plotted at A0 = 1.5, β = –0.75, ξ0 = 1: (a) periodic solitary wave of v51 at b0 = 0.75, b2 = 0.5 and (b) solitary wave of v52 at b0 = 0.75, b2 = –0.5

Family-III

$k=−β44b0b2−1,A1=βb244b0b2−1,A−1=−βb044b0b2−1,A−2=0,A2=0.$(27)

Substituting Eq. (27) into Eq. (6) the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v61(x,y,t)=b2b0β(−16b0b2+4)b0b2tan⁡(b0b2(ξ+ξ0)+A0+βb0b2tan⁡(b0b2(ξ+ξ0))44b0b2−1,b0b2>0;$(28)

$v62(x,y,t)=b2b0β(16b0b2−4)−b0b2tanh⁡(−b0b2(ξ+ξ0)+A0+β−b0b2tanh⁡(−b0b2(ξ+ξ0))−16b0b2+4,b0b2<0;$(29)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y-\frac{\beta }{4\left({b}_{0}{b}_{2}-1\right)}t.\end{array}$

Figure 5

Exact solutions of Eq. (28) and Eq. (29) are plotted at A0 = 1, β = 2, ξ0 = –0.5: (a) periodic solitary wave of v61 at b0 = 1, b2 = 0.5 and (b) solitary wave of v62 at b0 = –1, b2 = 0.5

• Case 4.

b0 = b2 = 0,

$k=β4+4b12,A2=−βb32+2b12,A−1=0,A−2=0,A1=0.$(30)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y\frac{\beta }{\left(4+4{b}_{1}^{2}\right)}t.\end{array}$ Substituting Eq. (30) into Eq. (6) the solution of Eq. (1) becomes:

$v71(x,y,t)=−b1b3β(2+2b12)(e−2(ξ+ξ0)b1+b3)+A0,b1<0,$(31)

$v72(x,y,t)=−βb3b1e2(ξ+ξ0)b1(2+2b12)1−e2(ξ+ξ0)b1b3+A0,b1>0.$(32)

where $\begin{array}{}\xi =x+y+\frac{\beta }{\left(4+4{b}_{1}^{2}\right)}t.\end{array}$

Figure 6

Exact solutions of Eq. (31) and Eq. (32) are plotted at A0 = 0.5, β = 3, ξ0 = –0.5, b1 = –0.5, b3 = –0.5 at (a) and A0 = –0.5, β = 3, ξ0 = –0.5, b1 = 1, b3 = –1 at (b), respectively are solitary waves of v71 and v72

## 3.2 Application of MSEM

In this section we apply method which is described in Section 2.2, on Eq. (1). Consider the traveling waves transformation

$v(x,y,t)=U(ξ),ξ=x+y+ωt,$(33)

where ω is arbitrary constant which can be determined later. By using the above transformation to the Eq. (1) into the following ordinary differential equation and integrated we have

$(4ω−β)U′+6U′2+ωU‴=0.$(34)

Now applying the homogeneous balance principle between (U′)2 and U′″ in Eq. (34), we get N = 1. We suppose the solution of Eq. (34) has the form as:

$U=B0+B1Ψ′(ξ)Ψ(ξ).$(35)

Where B0, B1 are constant such that B1 ≠ 0, substituting Eq. (35) into Eq. (34) and equating the coefficients of Ψ–4, Ψ–3, Ψ–2, Ψ–1 we get the following equations:

$(−ω+B1)B1(Ψ′)4=0,$(36)

$(ω−B1)B1(Ψ′)2Ψ″=0,$(37)

$(βB1−4ωB1)(Ψ′)2+(6B12−3ωB1)(Ψ″)2−4ωB1Ψ′Ψ‴=0,$(38)

$(−βB1+4ωB1)Ψ″+ωB1Ψ(4)=0.$(39)

From Eq. (36) and Eq. (37) we obtain, B1 = ω, Now integrating Eq. (39) and substituting into Eq. (38), we get:

$Ψ″Ψ′=μ, where μ=±3β−16ω3ω,$(40)

consequently, we obtain

$Ψ′(ξ)=c1eμξ,$(41)

$Ψ=c2+c1μc1eμξ,$(42)

where c1 and c2 are constant of integration. Now substituting the values of B1, Ψ and Ψ′ into Eq. (35), we get the exact solution of Eq. (1), as follows

$v(x,y,t)=B0+ωμc1eμξμc2+c1eμξ,$(43)

where ξ = x + y + ωt.

Figure 7

Exact solitary wave solution of Eq. (43) is plotted in different shapes at :B0 = 1, β = 2, c1 = 0.5, c2 = –0.5, ω = 0.25:(a) solitary wave and (b) one dimensional solitary wave

Simplifying Eq. (43), we obtain

$v(x,y,t)=B0+ωμc1coshμξ2+sinhμξ2(c1+μc2)coshμξ2+(c1−c2μ)sinhμξ2,$(44)

where ξ = x + y + ωt.

Similarly we can randomly choose parameter c1 and c2, by setting c1 = μc2, we obtain the following solitary solution

$v(x,y,t)=B0+3βω−16ω212tanh3β−16ω12ωξ±1,$(45)

where ξ = x + y + ωt.

Now again we choose c1 = –c2μ, we obtain following solitary waves solution.

$v(x,y,t)=B0+3βω−16ω212coth3β−16ω12ωξ±1,$(46)

where ξ = x + y + ωt and B0 is left as a free parameter.

Figure 8

Exact solitary wave solution of Eq. (46) is plotted in different shapes at :B0 = 1, β = 1, ω = 0.5:(a) periodic solitary wave and (b) one-dimensional solitary wave

## 4 Conclusion

In the current paper, proposed methods such as simple equation method (SEM) and modified simple equation method (MSEM) have been successfully employed to obtain the exact solitary wave solutions for the fourth-order nonlinear ablowitz-Kaup-newell-segur water equation. The AKNS equations have a wide application in field of physical sciences and the obtained solitary wave solutions in different form help to understand the physical phenomenon in various aspects. All the solutions are also prescribed graphically by assigning special values to the parameters. Mathematica facilitate us to handle all the calculations. As the extensive applications of the solitary wave theory, it is valuable to study further the localized excitation and its applications in the future.

## References

• [1]

Zakharov V.E., Shabat A.B., An exact theory of two-dimensional self-focussing and of one-dimensional self-modulation of waves in nonlinear media, Soviet Phys. JETP, 1972, 34, 62-69. Google Scholar

• [2]

Ablowitz M.J., Kaup D.J., Newell A.C., Segur H., Nonlinear evolution equations of physical significance, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1973, 31, 125-127.

• [3]

Ablowitz M.J., Kaup D.J., Newell A.C., Segur H., The inverse scattering transform-Fourier analysis for nonlinear problems, Studies Appl. Math., 1974, 53, 249-315.

• [4]

Zakharov V.E., Shabat A.B., A scheme for integrating the nonlinear equations of mathematical physics by the method of inverse scattering transform, Funct. Anal. Applic., 1974, 8, 226-235. Google Scholar

• [5]

Rogers C., Schief W.K., Backlund and Darboux Transformations, Geom. Modern Applic. Soliton Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002 Google Scholar

• [6]

Matveev V. B., Salle A. M., Darboux Transformation and Solitons, Springer, Berlin, 1991 Google Scholar

• [7]

Seadawy A.R., Traveling wave solutions of the Boussinesq and generalized fifth-order KdV equations by using the direct algebraic method, Appl. Math. Sci., 2012, 6, 4081-4090. Google Scholar

• [8]

Shang Y.D., Backlund transformation, Lax pairs and explicit exact solutions for the shallow water waves equation, Appl. Math. Comp., 2007, 187, 1286-1297.

• [9]

Zhang Y., Chen D.Y., Backlund transformation and soliton solutions for the shallow water waves equation, Chaos Solit. Fract., 2004, 20, 343-351.

• [10]

Shen S.F., General multi-linear variable separation approach to solving low dimensional nonlinear systems and localized excitations, Acta Phys. Sin., 2006, 55, 1011-1015. Google Scholar

• [11]

Seadawy A.R., Travelling wave solutions of a weakly nonlinear two-dimensional higher order Kadomtsev-Petviashvili dynamical equation for dispersive shallow water waves, The European Physical Journal Plus, 2017, 132, 29, 1-13.

• [12]

Lu D., Seadawy A.R., Arshad M., Applications of extended simple equation method on unstable nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Optik, 2017, 140, 136-144.

• [13]

Arshad M., Seadawy A.R., Lu D., Exact bright–dark solitary wave solutions of the higher-order cubic–quintic nonlinear Schrodinger equation and its stability, Optik, 2017, 138, 40-49.

• [14]

Mohammed O., Exact solutions of the generalized (2 + 1)- dimensional nonlinear evolution equations via the modified simple, Comp. Math. Applic., 2015, 69, 390-397.

• [15]

Seadawy A.R., Nonlinear wave solutions of the three - dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Burgers equation in dusty plasma, Physica A, 2015, 439, 124-131.

• [16]

Seadawy A.R., Stability analysis of traveling wave solutions for generalized coupled nonlinear KdV equations, Appl. Math. Inf. Sci., 2016, 10, 209-214.

• [17]

Kalim U.T., Seadawy A. R., Bistable Bright-Dark Solitary Wave Solutions of the (3+1)-Dimensional Breaking Soliton, Boussinesq Equation with Dual Dispersion and Modified KdV-KP equations and their applications, Results in Physics, 2017, 7, 1143- 1149.

• [18]

Lü H., Liu X., Liu N., Explicit solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional AKNS shallow water wave equation with variable coeflcients, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2010, 217, 1287-1293.

• [19]

Helal M.A., Seadawy A.R., Zekry M.H., Stability analysis solutions for the fourth-0rder nonlinear ablowitz-kaup-newell-segur water wave equation, Appl. Math. Sci., 2013, 7, 3355-3365. Google Scholar

• [20]

Matveev V.B., Smirnov A.O., Solutions of the Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur hierarchy equations of the “rogue wave” type: aunified approach, Theor. Math. Phys., 2016, 186, 156-182.

• [21]

Khater A., Callebaut D., Seadawy A.R., General soliton solutions of an n-dimensional complex ginzburg-landau equation, Phys. Scripta, 2000, 62, 353-357.

• [22]

Khater A., Callebaut D., Helal M.A., Seadawy A.R., Variational method for the nonlinear dynamics of an elliptic magnetic stagnation line, Europ. Phys. J. D, 2006, 39, 237-245.

• [23]

Seadawy A.R., Exact solutions of a two-dimensional nonlinear schrodinger equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 2012, 25, 687-691.

• [24]

Helal M.A., Seadawy A.R., Exact soliton solutions of an Ddimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with damping and diffusive terms, Z. Angew. Math. Phys, 2011, 62, 839-847.

• [25]

Seadawy A.R., Lu D., Khater M.A., Bifurcations of traveling wave solutions for Dodd–Bullough–Mikhailov equation and coupled Higgs equation and their applications, Chin. J. Phys., 2017, 55, 1310-1318.

• [26]

Kumar D., Seadawy A.R., Joardar A.K., Modified Kudryashov method via new exact solutions for some conformable fractional differential equations arising in mathematical biology, Chinese Journal of Physics, 2018, 56, 75-85.

• [27]

Lu D., Seadawy A.R., Khater M.A., Bifurcations of new multi soliton solutions of the van der Waals normal form for fluidized granular matter via six different methods. Results in Physics, 2017, 7, 2028-2035.

• [28]

Khater M.A., Seadawy A.R., Lu D., Elliptic and solitary wave solutions for Bogoyavlenskii equations system, couple Boiti- Leon-Pempinelli equations system and Time-fractional Cahn- Allen equation, Results in Phys., 2017, 7, 2325-2333.

Accepted: 2017-12-27

Published Online: 2018-05-24

Citation Information: Open Physics, Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 219–226, ISSN (Online) 2391-5471,

Export Citation