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# Open Physics

### formerly Central European Journal of Physics

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Volume 16, Issue 1

# Complementary wave solutions for the long-short wave resonance model via the extended trial equation method and the generalized Kudryashov method

Rodica Cimpoiasu
/ Alina Streche Pauna
Published Online: 2018-07-19 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0057

## Abstract

In this paper the nonlinear long-short (LS) wave resonance model is analyzed through a new perspective. We obtain the classification of exact solutions by making use of the complete discrimination system for the trial equation method and through the generalized Kudryashov method. These methods do generate complementary wave solutions such as bright and dark solitons, rational functions, Jacobi elliptic functions as well as singular and periodic wave solutions. Some among them extend the already reported solutions through other techniques. For some types of solutions adequately graphical representations are displayed. The concerned methods could also be used in order to study other interesting nonlinear evolution processes in n dimensions.

PACS: 02.30.Jr; 04.20.Jb; 05.45.Yv

## 1 Introduction

It is well known that nonlinear phenomena occur in various areas of science and engineering, such as fluid mechanics, plasma, solid-state physics, biophysics, optical fibers, technology of space, control engineering problems, hydrodynamics etc. They could be modeled through nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs). Thus to search for various solutions of the NPDEs does become one of the most exciting and extremely active areas of investigation of these complex physical phenomena. During the recent years, a lot of powerful methods such as the inverse scattering method [1, 2], the Hirota bilinear transformation [3], the generalized Riccati equation method [4], the $\begin{array}{}\left(\frac{{G}^{\mathrm{\prime }}}{G}\right)\end{array}$ -expansion method [12, 13], the Lie symmetry method [7, 8, 9, 10, 11], the soliton ansatz method [12, 13], the generalized conditional symmetry approach [14, 15] and other techniques were established in order to obtain exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear physical problems [16, 17, 18, 19].

A general theory able to explain the interactions between short and long waves has been developed (see Ref. [20]). It is known that the long wave-short wave resonance is a special case of the three wave resonances which does appear when the phase velocity of a long wave does match with the group velocity of a short wave and it could also appear when the second order nonlinearity would occur in the process. The physical importance of the so called (LS) type equations [21] consists in the fact that the dispersion of the shortwave is balanced by the nonlinear interaction between the long wave and the short wave, while the evolution of the long wave is driven by the self-interaction of the short wave. The (LS) wave resonance model is described by the following equations:

$iSt+αS2x−LS=0,Lt+β(S2)x=0.$(1)

where L represents the amplitude of the long wave and it is a real function, S is the envelope of the short wave and it is a complex function, while α and β are real constants. Some works such as [22, 23], have been published about the qualitative research of global solutions for the long–short wave resonance equations. In [24] Lax’s formulation for Eqs. (1) have been provided and Cauchy problem has been solved through the inverse scattering method. The orbital stability of the solitary waves associated to (LS) type equations has been proven in [25, 26]. The first integral method [27] has been recently applied [28] to the governing system. The obtained solutions have been expressed in terms of trigonometric, hyperbolic and exponential functions. Multiple exact travelling wave solutions have been also derived in [29] by making use of the extended hyperbolic functions method for nonlinearwave equations. This approach is explicitly related to the solutions of the projective Riccati equations. Another perspective is offered in [30], where the solutions of the (LS) system are assumed as polynomial expansions in two variables which do satisfy to the projective Riccati equations yet their explicit solutions are not sought for.

However, in our contribution, we will classify the types of solutions related to Eq. (1) according to the values of some parameters through two distinct approaches. In Sections 2 and 3 we will provide the fundamental usefulness of the extended trial function method [31] and respectively of the generalized Kudryashov method [32]. We will study in Section 4 how some types of travelling wave solutions are successfully pointed out by making use of the concerned methods. We will outline some solutions such as (a) the solitary wave solution of bell-type, (b) the solitary wave solution of kink-type for S and bell-type for L, (c) the compound solitary wave solution of the bell-type and the kink-type for S and L, (d) the singular travelling wave solutions and (e) the solitary wave solution of Jacobi elliptic function type. Some of them are more general than the ones derived through other algorithms. Section 5 is dedicated to some conclusions and final remarks.

## 2 Basics on the extended trial equation method

In this section we will describe the extended trial equation method for finding the travelling wave solutions of NPDEs. The main steps of the method are the the following:

• Step 1

For a given NPDE:

$E(u,ut, ux, utt,uxx,…)=0,$(2)

the wave transformation is applied:

$u(t,x)=u(η),η=kx+wt+ξ0.$(3)

Here k, w and ξ0 are constants. The travelling wave variable (3) allows us to reduce Eq. (2) into an ODE for u = u(η):

$F(u, u′,u′′,…)=0.$(4)

• Step 2

Suppose that the solution of Eq. (4) can be expressed as follows:

$u(ρ)=∑i=0δaiΓi(η),$(5)

where Γ(η) satisfies the trial equation:

$(Γ′)2=Λ(Γ)=Φ(Γ)Ψ(Γ)=ξpΓp+…ξ1Γ+ξ0νnΓn+…ν1Γ+ν0.$(6)

Here Φ(Γ) and Ψ(Γ) are polynomials.

The coefficients ai, i = 0,δ, ξk, k = 0,p, νr, r = 0,n are constants to be determined later. A relationship between p, n, δ could be defined by taking into consideration the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivatives and the nonlinear terms that do appear in the ODE (4).

• Step 3

When the solution (5) together with (6) is substituted into (4) an equation for the polynomial Ω(Γ) is generated:

$Ω(Γ)=∑i=0sσjΓj=0.$(7)

Equating the coefficients of each power Γj, j = 0,s to zero we generate a set of algebraic equations for ai, ξk and νr.

• Step 4

Simplify Eq. (6) to the elementary integral shape:

$±ρ−ρ0=∫dΓΛ(Γ)=∫Ψ(Γ)Φ(Γ)dΓ$(8)

By making use of a complete discrimination system [33] for polynomials in order to classify the roots of Φ(Γ), we can solve (8) and we can as well derive the travelling wave solutions of underlying Eq. (2).

## 3 Basics on the generalized Kudryashov method

In this section we will describe a generalized version of the Kudryashov method for finding solitary wave solutions of NPDEs. When taking into consideration the NPDE:

$P(u, ut, ux,utt,uxx,…)=0,$(9)

the main steps of the method can be summarized as follows:

• Step 1

We are looking for travelling wave solutions of (9) under the form:

$u(t,x)=eiμu(ρ),μ=μ1x+μ2t, ρ=ρ1x+ρ2t,$(10)

where μk, ρk, k = 1,2 are arbitrary constants. The wave variables (10) allow us to convert (9) into an ODE:

$N(u, u′,u′′,…)=0.$(11)

• Step 2

We assume that the exact solutions of Eq.(11) can be expressed as follows:

$u(ρ)=∑i=0NaiQi(ρ)∑j=0MbjQj(ρ)=A[Q(ρ)]B[Q(ρ)],$(12)

where ai, i =0,N, bj, j =0,M are arbitrary constants and Q(ρ) is the solution of Kudryashov equation [34]:

$Qρ=Q2−Q.$(13)

The relationship between the integers M and N can be found by taking into consideration the homogeneous balance between the highest order derivatives and the nonlinear terms which appear in the travelling wave Eq. (11).

• Step 3

For each couple of values respectively taken by M and N, by substituting Eqs. (12) and (13) into Eq. (11) yields to a polynomial R(Q). By setting all the coefficients of R(Q) to zero, the parameters ai, bi,μk,ρk can be explicitly determined by solving the equations of their algebraic relations.

## 4 Travelling wave solutions related to (LS)-type equations

In this section, we will apply the methods which we have summarized in the previous section in order to construct the travelling wave solutions for the system (1). Let us present in the next two subsections some preliminary results.

## 4.1 Relationship between the real functions in the case of (LS)-type equations

Suppose that the governing system (1) admits travelling wave solutions under the form:

$S(t,x)=eiμS(ρ), L(t,x)=L(ρ),$(14)

where μ = μ1 x + μ2 t, ρ = ρ1 x + ρ2 t are wave variables and S(ρ), L(ρ) are real-valued functions.

By substituting (14) into the system (1) the following ODEs are generated:

$(ρ2+2μ1ρ1)S′=0,(μ2−μ12)S+ρ12S′′+SL=0,ρ2L′+ρ1(S2)′=0.$(15)

where the prime does indicate the derivative with respect to ρ.

From the first equation of (15) we derive the parameter relation:

$ρ2=−2μ1ρ1.$(16)

When integrating the last equation from (15) with respect to ρ, then taking into consideration (16), we derive the relationship between functions S and L under the form:

$L(ρ)=12μ1S2(ρ),$(17)

where the integration constant is chosen to be zero.

The previous result together with the second equation from system (15) generate the Liénard ODE:

$S′′(ρ)+AS(ρ)+BS3(ρ)=0,$(18)

where we use the denotations:

$A=−μ12−μ2ρ12, B=12μ1ρ12.$(19)

Consequently the search for travelling wave solutions in the case of (LS)-type equations is reduced to a discussion about travelling wave solutions related to the ODE (18). This discussion will be the object of the next subsection.

## 4.2 Travelling wave solutions of (1) via the extended trial equation method

Let us suppose that the solutions of Eq. (18) are expressed in accordance with (5)-(6). Taking into consideration the homogeneous balance between S and S3, we should require that:

$p=2δ+n+2.$(20)

In order to obtain the travelling wave solutions for (1) let us choose n = 0, δ = 1 and p = 4. This choice corresponds to solutions under the form:

$S(ρ)=a0+a1Γ$(21)

where the constants a0 and a1 do satisfy to $\begin{array}{}{a}_{0}^{2}+{a}_{1}^{2}\ne 0\end{array}$ and have to be determined later. Relying upon the above description of the method, we can obtain:

$S′′=Φ′2Ψ=(4ξ4Γ3+3ξ3Γ2+2ξ2Γ+ξ1)a12ν0$(22)

By substituting (21) and (22) into (18), the left-hand side of the underlying ODE becomes a third order polynomial in Γ. Setting the coefficients of power Γm,m = 0,3 to zero yields an algebraic system for parameters ai, i = 0, 1ξk, k =0,4, μj, j = 1, 2, ρ1, ν0. The solution given by the Maple program is:

$a0=a1ξ34ξ4, ξ1=2a0(ξ2a12−4a02ξ4)a13, ν0=−4ρ12μ1ξ4a12,μ2=4ξ4μ13+ξ2a12−6a02ξ44μ1ξ4,∀a1,∀ξk,∀k=0,2,3,4,∀μ1,∀ρ1.$(23)

In the above mentioned particular case, the integral (8) becomes:

$±ρ−ρ0=K∫dΓΓ4+ξ3ξ4Γ3+ξ2ξ4Γ2+ξ1ξ4Γ+ξ0ξ4.$(24)

where $\begin{array}{}K=\sqrt{{\nu }_{0}/{\xi }_{4}}.\end{array}$ By substituting the solution (23) into (24), we get:

$±ρ−ρ0=K∫dΓΓ4+ξ3ξ4Γ3+ξ2ξ4Γ2+2a0ξ2ξ4a1−4a02a13Γ+ξ0ξ4.$(25)

where $\begin{array}{}K=\sqrt{\frac{-4{\rho }_{1}^{2}{\mu }_{1}}{{a}_{1}^{2}}}\end{array}$ with μ1 < 0.

If we denote by αn, n = 1,4 the roots of the polynomial involved in (25), we reach five distinct cases which allow us to find the unknown Γ function. They are:

• 1)

When α1 is a one and only multiple root of the polynom, we get

$±ρ−ρ0=−KΓ−α1.$(26)

• 2)–3)

When the polynom admits two distinct roots αn, n = 1, 2, we obtain:

$±ρ−ρ0=2Kα1−α2Γ−α2Γ−α1, α2>α1,±ρ−ρ0=Kα1−α2lnΓ−α1Γ−α2,α1>α2.$(27)

• 4)

When the polynom admits three distinct roots with α1 > α2 > α3, we have:

$±ρ−ρ0=2KlnΓ−α2α1−α3−Γ−α3α1−α2Γ−α2α1−α3+Γ−α3α1−α2α1−α2α1−α3.$(28)

• 5)

When all the roots of the polynomial are distinct with α1 > α2 > α3 > α4, the result is:

$±ρ−ρ0=2Kα1−α3α2−α4F(φ,l),$(29)

where

$F(φ,l)=∫0φdψ1−l2sin2⁡ψ, l2=α2−α3α1−α4α1−α3α2−α4φ=arcsin⁡Γ−α1α2−α4Γ−α2α1−α4.$(30)

Let us choose for simplicity ρ0 = 0, a0 =–a1 α1. After introducing Γ(ρ) from (26)-(30) into (21) and (17), we can classify the solutions of the (LS) system (1) as follows:

1. solitary wave solutions of bell-type given by

$S1(t,x)=ei(μ1x+μ2t)±K1ρ1x+ρ2t,L1(t,x)=12μ1K1ρ1x+ρ2t2,$(31)

$S2(t, x)=ei(μ1x+μ2t)±4K2(α2−α1)4K2−(α1−α2)ρ1x+ρ2t2,L2(t,x)=12μ1±4K2(α2−α1)4K2−(α1−α2)ρ1x+ρ2t22,$(32)

where K1 = a1K.

2. singular wave solutions

$S3(t,x)=α1−α2a12[1±cothα1−α2K(ρ1x+ρ2t)]ei(μ1x+μ2t),L3(t,x)=12μ1α1−α2a12[1±cothα1−α2K(ρ1x+ρ2t)2],$(33)

or bright soliton solutions

$S4(t,x)=ei(μ1x+μ2t)K2P+cosh⁡[R(ρ1x+ρ2t)],L4(t,x)=12μ1K2P+cosh⁡[R(ρ1x+ρ2t)]2,$(34)

where $\begin{array}{}{K}_{2}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\frac{2\left({\alpha }_{1}-{\alpha }_{2}\right)\left({\alpha }_{1}-{\alpha }_{3}\right){a}_{1}}{{\alpha }_{3}-{\alpha }_{2}},P\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\frac{2{\alpha }_{1}-{\alpha }_{2}-{\alpha }_{3}}{{\alpha }_{3}-{\alpha }_{2}}\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\ne \phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}0,\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}R\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}\frac{\sqrt{\left({\alpha }_{1}-{\alpha }_{2}\right)\left({\alpha }_{1}-{\alpha }_{3}\right)}}{K}.\end{array}$ Here K2 is the amplitude of the soliton, and R is the inverse width of the soliton. Thus, we can assert that solitons exist for a1 < 0. In our situation P cannot be zero, because R does not admit real values. However, the solutions S(ρ) proportional with sech function could be derived in [30] through another technique, namely an improved $\begin{array}{}\left(\frac{{G}^{\mathrm{\prime }}}{G}\right)\end{array}$-expansion method.

3. Jacobi elliptic function type solutions:

$S5(t,x)=ei(μ1x+μ2t)K3M+Nsn(φ,l)2,L5(t,x)=12μ1K3M+Nsn(φ,l)22,$(35)

where K3 = 2a1(α1-α3)(α4α2),M = α4α2, N = α1α4,

$φ=±(α1−α3)(α2−α4)2K(ρ1x+ρ2t),l2=α2−α3α1−α4α1−α3α2−α4.$

For Jacobi elliptic wave solution S5(t,x) with appropriate parametric choices, the surface plot of imaginary values is represented in Figure 1. The real values of S5 do present a similar graph except for a phase difference.

Figure 1

The graphical representation of imaginary values of the short wave’ s envelope S5(t,x) from (35) is shown at K3 = –8, μ1 = –1, μ2 = 1,125, M = –2, N = 3, l = –0,866, φ = 0,25(2x + 4t). The real values of S5(t,x) do present a similar graph except for a phase difference.

#### Remark 1

When the modulus l → 1, the solution (35) can be converted into the hyperbolic function solution of kink type for the (LS)-system:

$S6(t,x)=ei(μ1x+μ2t)K3M+Ntanh(α1−α3)(α2−α4)2K(ρ1x+ρ2t)2,L6(t,x)=K3M+Ntanh(α1−α3)(α2−α4)2K(ρ1x+ρ2t)222μ1,$(36)

where α3 = α4.

#### Remark 2

By taking the modulus l → 0 into (35) it yields to the periodic wave solutions of the (LS)-system:

$S7(t,x)=ei(μ1x+μ2t)K3M+Nsin(α1−α3)(α2−α4)2K(ρ1x+ρ2t)2,L7(t,x)=K3M+Nsin(α1−α3)(α2−α4)2K(ρ1x+ρ2t)222μ1,$(37)

where α2 = α3.

## 4.3 Travelling wave solutions of (1) via the generalized Kudryashov method

Let us now expand S(ρ) from (18) in accordance with (12) and (13). By balancing the terms S and S3, we require that:

$N=M+1$(38)

If we choose N = 2, M = 1, the solution of (18) will be sought under the form:

$S(ρ)=a0+a1Q+a2Q2b0+b1Q$(39)

where ai, i = 0, 2, bj, j = 0, 1 are constants to be determined later and Q(ρ)= $\begin{array}{}\frac{1}{1±\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{\rho }}\end{array}$ are the solutions of the auxiliary Eq. (13).

When substituting (39) together with (13) into the (18) and gathering all the terms with the same power of Q, the left-hand side of (18) is converted into a polynomial with Qr, r = 0, 6. When equating each coefficient of this polynomial to zero, a set of 7 algebraic equations for ai, i = 0,2, bi, j = 0, 1, μ1, μ2, ρ1 is derived. By solving this algebraic system with the help of Maple program, we get solitary wave solutions for (LS)-system as follows:

Figure 2

The graphical representations of the real values of the short wave’s envelope S9 and respectively of the long wave’s amplitude L9, are shown at parametric choices a2 = 1, ρ1 = 2, ρ2 = –0,1, μ1=0,025, μ2 = 5,001. The imaginary values of S9 do present similar graph except for a phase difference.

1. The solitary waves solution of kink-type:

$S8(t,x)=a21−tanhρ1x+ρ2t22ei(μ1x+μ2t)2tanh⁡(ρ1x+ρ2t2)[(a1+4)tanh⁡(ρ1x+ρ2t2)−a1],L8(t,x)=12μ1a21−tanhρ1x+ρ2t222tanh⁡(ρ1x+ρ2t2)[(a1+4)tanh⁡(ρ1x+ρ2t2)−a1]2,$(40)

generated through the choice of Q(ρ)=$\begin{array}{}\frac{1}{1-{e}^{\rho }}\end{array}$ and through taking under consideration the parameters:

$a0=a1=0, a2=2ρ12μ1b1(1−b1)b0=2,μ2=μ12,∀b1≠1,∀μ1,∀ρ1.$(41)

2. Dark soliton solution of kink-type for S and bell-type for L expressed under the form:

$S9(t,x)=−ei(μ1x+μ2t)a22tanhρ1x+ρ2t2,L9(t,x)=a228μ1tanhρ1x+ρ2t22,$(42)

derived by assuming that Q(ρ)=$\begin{array}{}\frac{1}{1+\phantom{\rule{thinmathspace}{0ex}}{e}^{\rho }}\end{array}$ as well as the relationships among parameters:

$a0=a24,a1=−a2,b1=−2b0=1,μ1=110a2ρ12μ2=1100a2ρ14+54ρ12,∀a2≠0,∀ρ1.$(43)

The dynamics of dark soliton solution (42) of kink-type for S9 and of bell-type for L9 with suitable parametric choices is shown in Figure 2. The imaginary values of S9 present a similar graph except for a phase difference.

By choosing Q(ρ)=$\begin{array}{}\frac{1}{1-{e}^{\rho }},\end{array}$ singular travelling wave solutions expressed in terms of coth function can be found.

3. Compound wave solution of the bell-type and the kink-type for S and L with the explicit expressions:

$S10(t,x)=a2ei(μ1x+μ2t)2tanhρ1x+ρ2t2±sechρ1x+ρ2t2−3tanhρ1x+ρ2t2±3sechρ1x+ρ2t2−3,L10(t,x)=a228μ1tanhρ1x+ρ2t2±sechρ1x+ρ2t2−3tanhρ1x+ρ2t2±3sechρ1x+ρ2t2−32,$(44)

which are related to Q(ρ)=$\begin{array}{}\frac{1}{1\mp \text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{\rho }}\end{array}$ and to the parameter relationships:

$a0=−a1=a22,b0=b1=1,μ1=−a22ρ12μ2=a22ρ14+12ρ12,∀a2≠0,∀ρ1.$(45)

## 5 Concluding remarks

In this paper we have discussed about the possibilities offered by the extended trial equation method and by the generalized Kudryashov method in order to find new wave solutions for the long–short (LS) wave resonance Eq. (1). At least for the considered cases (21) respectively (39), these two methods lead us to complementary classes of solutions.

The key idea of the trial equation method is to reduce an ODE into a solvable integral Eq. (8) which involves polynomial functions. For the (LS)-type equations we have chosen to take advantage of the solutions to the trial function (forth degree polynomial) by making use of a mathematical tool denominated as the complete discrimination system. We have pointed out solutions such as: solitary wave solution of the bell-type, bright soliton solution, Jacobi elliptic function type solution, singular wave solution, periodic function type solution. To our knowledge, such classification involving the complete discrimination system for polynomials has not been reported. According to the specific parameters, some wave solutions (32), (34)-(37) do extend the ones obtained by the means of other techniques [27, 35, 36].

The generalized Kudryashov method is useful in order to reach the analytical solutions for the (LS) wave resonance model. We have been able to derive wave solution of kink-type (40), dark soliton solution of the kink-type for S and the bell-type for L (42) as well as a compound wave solution of the bell-type and the kink-type for S and L (44).

When we have taken into consideration some other values of parameters which should verify (20) and respectively (38), some new solitary wave solutions could be identified. The proposed methods have their own advantages. They offer both a concise and an efficient way for solving NPDEs, in two or more dimensions. Other methods, such as multi-symplectic method [37, 38], or generalized multi-symplectic method [39, 40] will be employed in future works.

## Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful for the financial support offered by the project “Computational Methods in Astrophysics and Space Sciences”, no. 181/20.07.2017, of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, Program for Research –Space Technology and Advanced Research.

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Accepted: 2018-04-26

Published Online: 2018-07-19

Citation Information: Open Physics, Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 419–426, ISSN (Online) 2391-5471,

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