Jump to ContentJump to Main Navigation
Show Summary Details
More options …

Reviews in the Neurosciences

Editor-in-Chief: Huston, Joseph P.

Editorial Board: Topic, Bianca / Adeli, Hojjat / Buzsaki, Gyorgy / Crawley, Jacqueline / Crow, Tim / Gold, Paul / Holsboer, Florian / Korth, Carsten / Lubec, Gert / McEwen, Bruce / Pan, Weihong / Pletnikov, Mikhail / Robbins, Trevor / Schnitzler, Alfons / Stevens, Charles / Steward, Oswald / Trojanowski, John

8 Issues per year


IMPACT FACTOR 2016: 2.546
5-year IMPACT FACTOR: 3.191

CiteScore 2017: 2.81

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.980
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 0.804

Online
ISSN
2191-0200
See all formats and pricing
More options …
Volume 26, Issue 6

Issues

Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 in seasonal affective disorder: underestimated perspectives?

Alexander V. Kulikov
  • Corresponding author
  • Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
  • Email
  • Other articles by this author:
  • De Gruyter OnlineGoogle Scholar
/ Nina K. Popova
  • Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
  • Other articles by this author:
  • De Gruyter OnlineGoogle Scholar
Published Online: 2015-07-10 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2015-0013

Abstract

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by recurrent depression occurring generally in fall/winter. Numerous pieces of evidence indicate the association of SAD with decreased brain neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) system functioning. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the key and rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT synthesis in the brain. This paper concentrates on the relationship between TPH2 activity and mood disturbances, the association between human TPH2 gene expression and the risk of affective disorder, application of tryptophan to SAD treatment and the animal models of SAD. The main conclusions of this review are as follows: (i) the brain 5-HT deficiency contributes to the mechanism underlying SAD, (ii) TPH2 is involved in the regulation of some kinds of genetically defined affective disorders and (iii) the activation of 5-HT synthesis with exogenous l-tryptophan alone or in combination with light therapy could be effective in SAD treatment. The synergic effect of these combined treatments will have several advantages compared to light or tryptophan therapy alone. First, it is effective in the treatment of patients resistant to light therapy. Secondly, l-tryptophan treatment prolongs the antidepressant effect of light therapy.

Keywords: animal models; light therapy; seasonal affective disorder; serotonin; tryptophan hydroxylase 2; l-tryptophan treatment

References

  • Abumaria, N., Ribic, A., Anacker, C., Fuchs, E., and Flügge, G. (2008). Stress upregulates TPH1 but not TPH2 mRNA in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: identification of two TPH2 mRNA splice variants. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 28, 331–342.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Alenina, N., Kikic, D., Todiras, M., Mosienko, V., Qadri, F., Plehm, R., Boyé, P., Vilianovitch, L., Sohr, R., Tenner, K., et al. (2009). Growth retardation and altered autonomic control in mice lacking brain serotonin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 10333–10337.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Arbisi, P.A., Levine, A.S., Nerenberg, J., and Wolf, J. (1996). Seasonal alteration in taste detection and recognition threshold in seasonal affective disorder: the proximate source of carbohydrate craving. Psychiatry Res. 59, 171–182.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bach-Mizrachi, H., Underwood, M.D., Kassir, S.A., Bakalian, M.J., Sibille, E., Tamir, H., Mann, J.J., and Arango, V. (2006). Neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression in the human dorsal and median raphe nuclei: major depression and suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology 31, 814–824.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bach-Mizrachi, H., Underwood, M.D., Tin, A., Ellis, S.P., Mann, J.J., and Arango, V. (2008). Elevated expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA at the neuronal level in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of depressed suicides. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 507–513.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Beaulieu, J.M., Zhang, X., Rodriguiz, R.M., Sotnikova, T.D., Cools, M.J., Wetsel, W.C., Gainetdinov, R.R., and Caron, M.G. (2008). Role of GSK3β in behavioral abnormalities induced by serotonin deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1333–1338.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boldrini, M., Underwood, M.D., Mann, J.J., and Arango, V. (2005). More tryptophan hydroxylase in the brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus in depressed suicides. Brain Res. 1041, 19–28.Google Scholar

  • Bonkale, W.L., Turecki, G., and Austin, M.C. (2006). Increased tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the dorsal raphe nucleus of alcohol-dependent, depressed suicide subjects is restricted to the dorsal subnucleus. Synapse 60, 81–85.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Borsini, F. (1995). Role of the serotonin system in the forced swim test. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 19, 377–395.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Borsini, F. and Meli, A. (1988). Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 94, 147–160.Google Scholar

  • Brewerton, T.D. (1989). Seasonal variation of serotonin function in humans: research and clinical implications. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 1, 153–164.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Carlsson, A., Svennerholm, L., and Winblad, B. (1980). Seasonal and circadian monoamine variations in human brains examined post mortem. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (Suppl.) 280, 75–85.Google Scholar

  • Cervo, L., Canetta, A., Calcagno, E., Burbassi, S., Sacchetti, G., Caccia, S., Fracasso, C., Albani, D., Forloni, G., and Invernizzi, R.W. (2005). Genotype-dependent activity of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 determines the response to citalopram in a mouse model of depression. J. Neurosci. 25, 8165–8172.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chen, G.L., Vallender, E.J., and Miller, G.M. (2008). Functional characterization of the human TPH2 5′ regulatory region: untranslated region and polymorphism modulate gene expression in vitro. Hum. Genet. 122, 645–657.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chiu, S.L., Chen, C.M., and Cline, H.T. (2008). Insulin receptor signaling regulates synapse number, dendritic plasticity, and circuit function in vivo. Neuron 58, 708–719.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Choi, S., DiSilvio, B., Fernstrom, M.H., and Fernstrom, J.D. (2009). Meal ingestion, amino acids and brain neurotransmitters: effects of dietary protein source on serotonin and catecholamine synthesis rates. Physiol. Behav. 98, 156–162.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cichon, S., Winge, I., Mattheisen, M., Georgi, A., Karpushova, A., Freudenberg, J., Freudenberg-Hua, Y., Babadjanova, G., Van Den Bogaert, A., Abramova, L.I., et al. (2008). Brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2): a functional Pro206Ser substitution and variation in the 5′-region are associated with bipolar affective disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 87–97.Google Scholar

  • Cline, B.H., Costa-Nunes, J.P., Cespuglio, R., Markova, N., Santos. A.I., Bukhman, Y.V., Kubatiev, A., Steinbusch, H.W., Lesch, K.P., and Strekalova, T. (2015). Dicholine succinate, the neuronal insulin sensitizer, normalizes behavior, REM sleep, hippocampal pGSK3 beta and mRNAs of NMDA receptor subunits in mouse models of depression. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 26, 37.Google Scholar

  • Cryan, J.F. and Mombereau, C. (2004). In search of a depressive mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice. Mol. Psychiatry 9, 326–357.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dailly, E., Chenu, F., Petit-Demoulière, B., and Bourin, M. (2006). Specificity and efficacy of noradrenaline, serotonin depletion in discrete brain areas of Swiss mice by neurotoxins. J. Neurosci. Methods 150, 111–115.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dang, Y., Dale, W.E., and Brown, O.R. (2000). Comparative effects of oxygen on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase of the kynurenine pathway. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 615–624.Google Scholar

  • De Luca, V., Likhodi, O., Van Tol, H.H., Kennedy, J.L., and Wong, A.H. (2005). Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene expression and promoter polymorphisms in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 183, 378–382.Google Scholar

  • De Luca, V., Likhodi, O., Van Tol, H.H., Kennedy, J.L., and Wong, A.H. (2006). Gene expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 in post-mortem brain of suicide subjects. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 9, 21–25.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Delorme, R., Durand, C.M., Betancur, C., Wagner, M., Ruhrmann, S., Grabe, H.J., Nygren, G., Gillberg, C., Leboyer, M., Bourgeron, T., et al. (2006). No human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene R441H mutation in a large cohort of psychiatric patients and control subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 202–203.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Eagles, J.M. (2004). Seasonal affective disorder: a vestigial evolutionary advantage? Med. Hypotheses 63, 767–772.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Einat, H., Kronfeld-Schor, N., and Eilam, D. (2006). Sand rats see the light: short photoperiod induces a depression-like response in a diurnal rodent. Behav. Brain Res. 173, 153–157.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fernstrom, J.D. (1990). Aromatic amino acids and monoamine synthesis in the central nervous system: influence of the diet. J. Nutr. Biochem. 1, 508–517.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fernstrom, J.D., Larin, F., and Wartman, R.J. (1973). Correlations between brain tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acids levels following food consumption in rats. Life Sci. 13, 517.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fitzpatrick, P.F. (1999). Tetrahydropterin-dependent amino acid hydroxylases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68, 355–381.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Fitzpatrick, P.F. (2003). Mechanism of aromatic amino acid hydroxylation. Biochemistry 42, 14083–14091.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Garriock, H.A., Allen, J.J., Delgado, P., Nahaz, Z., Kling, M.A., Carpenter, L., Burke, M., Burke, W., Schwartz, T., Marangell, L.B., et al. (2005). Lack of association of TPH2 exon XI polymorphisms with major depression and treatment resistance. Mol. Psychiatry 10, 976–977.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ghadirian, A.M., Murphy, B.E., and Gendron, M.J. (1998). Efficacy of light versus tryptophan therapy in seasonal affective disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 80, 23–27.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Glatt, C.E., Carlson, E., Taylor, T.R., Risch, N., Reus, V.I., and Schaefer, C.A. (2005). Response to Zhang et al. (2005): loss-of-function mutation in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 identified in unipolar major depression. Neuron 45, 11–16. Neuron 48, 704–705.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Grohmann, M., Hammer, P., Walther, M., Paulmann, N., Büttner, A., Eisenmenger, W., Baghai, T.C., Schüle, C., Rupprecht, R., Bader, M., et al. (2010). Alternative splicing and extensive RNA editing of human TPH2 transcripts. PLos One 5, e8956.Google Scholar

  • Gupta, D., Kurhe, Y., and Radhakrishnan, M. (2014). Antidepressant effects of insulin in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice: modulation of brain serotonin system. Physiol. Behav. 129, 73–78.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gutknecht, L., Waider, J., Kraft, S., Kriegebaum, C., Holtmann, B., Reif, A., Schmitt, A., and Lesch, K.P. (2008). Deficiency of brain 5-HT synthesis but serotonergic neuron formation in Tph2 knockout mice. J. Neural. Transm. 115, 1127–1132.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Guzzetti, S., Calcagno, E., Canetta, A., Sacchetti, G., Fracasso, C., Caccia, S., Cervo, L., and Invernizzi, R.W. (2008). Strain differences in paroxetine-induced reduction of immobility time in the forced swimming test in mice: role of serotonin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 594, 117–124.Google Scholar

  • Han, L., Nielsen, D.A., Rosenthal, N.E., Jefferson, K., Kaye, W., Murphy, D., Altemis, M, Humphries, J., Cassano, G., Rotondo, A., et al. (1999). No coding variant of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene detected in seasonal affective disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa and alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 615–619.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Henningsson, S., Annerbrink, K., Olsson, M., Allgulander, C., Andersch, S., Sjödin, I., Gustafson, D., Skoog, I., Eriksson, E., and Westberg, L. (2007). Absence of the Arg441His polymorphism in the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in adults with anxiety disorders and depression. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 177, 816–817.Google Scholar

  • Huang, C.C., Lee, C.C., and Hsu, K.S. (2010). The role of insulin receptor signaling in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Chang. Gung. Med. J. 33, 115–125.Google Scholar

  • Jacobsen, J.P., Medvedev, I.O., and Caron, M.G. (2012). The 5-HT deficiency theory of depression: perspectives from a naturalistic 5-HT deficiency model, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 Arg439His knockin mouse. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 367, 2444–2459.Google Scholar

  • Johansson, C., Smedh, C., Partonen, T., Pekkarinen, P., Paunio, T., Ekholm, J., Peltonen, L., Lichtermann, D., Palmgren, J., Adolfsson, R., et al. (2001). Seasonal affective disorder and serotonin-related polymorphisms. Neurobiol. Dis. 8, 351–357.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kim, Y.K., Lee, H.J., Yang, J.C., Hwang, J.A., and Yoon, H.K. (2009). A tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphism is associated with panic disorder. Behav. Genet. 39, 170–175.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kornum, B.R., Licht, C.L., Weikop, P., Knudsen, G.M., and Aznar, S. (2006). Central serotonin depletion affects rat brain areas differently: a qualitative and quantitative comparison between different treatment schemes. Neurosci. Lett. 392, 129–134.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kräuchi, K., Wirz-Justice, A., and Graw, P. (1990). The relationship of affective state of dietary preference: winter depression and light therapy as a model. J. Affect. Disorder 20, 43–53.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kulikov, A.V., Osipova, D.V., Naumenko, V.S., and Popova NK. (2005). Association between Tph2 gene polymorphism, brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity and aggressiveness in mouse strains. Genes Brain Behav. 4, 482–485.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kulikov, A.V., Tikhonova, M.A., Osipova, D.V., Kulikov, V.A., and Popova, N.K. (2011). Association between tryptophan hydroxylase-2 genotype and the antidepressant effect of citalopram and paroxetine on immobility time in the forced swim test in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 99, 683–687.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kulikov, A.V., Osipova, D.V., Naumenko, V.S., Terenina, E., Mormède, P., and Popova, N.K. (2012). A pharmacological evidence of positive association between mouse intermale aggression and brain serotonin metabolism. Behav. Brain Res. 233, 113–119.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lam, R.W., Gorman, C.P., Michalon, M., Steiner, M., Levitt, A.J., Corral, M.R., Watson, G.D., Morehouse, R.L., Tam, W., and Joffe, R.T. (1995). Multicenter, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in seasonal affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1765–1770.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lam, R.W., Levitan, R.D., Tam, E.M., Yatham, L.N., Lamoureux, S., and Zis, A.P. (1997). L-tryptophan augmentation of light therapy in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry 42, 303–306.Google Scholar

  • Lam, R.W., Levitt, A.J., Levitan, R.D., Enns, M.W., Morehouse, R., Michalak, E.E., and Tam, E.M. (2006). The Can-SAD study a randomized controlled trials of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 805–812.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lapin, I.P. (1996). Kynurenines and anxiety. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 398, 191–194.Google Scholar

  • Leach, G., Ramanathan, C., Langel, J., and Yan, L. (2013). Responses of brain and behavior to changing day-length in the diurnal grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). Neuroscience 234, 31–39.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Levitan, R.D. (2007). The chronobiology and neurobiology of winter seasonal affective disorder. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 9, 315–324.Google Scholar

  • Lieberman, H.R., Wurtman, J.J., and Chew, B. (1986). Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals. Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 44, 772–778.Google Scholar

  • Lin, Y.M., Chao, S.C., Chen, T.M., Lai, T.J., Chen, J.S., and Sun, H.S. (2007). Association of functional polymorphisms of the human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene with risk for bipolar disorder in Han Chinese. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 1015–1024.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Maes, M., Leonard, B.E., Myint, A.M., Kubera, M., and Verkerk, R. (2011). The new “5-HT” hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Progr. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 702–721.Google Scholar

  • Magnusson, A. (2000). An overview of epidemiological studies on seasonal affective disorder. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 101, 176–184.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Matthes, S., Mosienko, V., Bashammakh, S., Alenina, N., and Bader, M. (2010). Tryptophan hydroxylase as novel target for the treatment of depressive disorders. Pharmacology 85, 95–109.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McGrath, R.E., Buckwald, B., and Resnick, E.V. (1990). The effect of L-tryptophan on seasonal affective disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 51, 162–163.Google Scholar

  • McKinney, J.A., Turel, B., Winge, I., Knappskog, P.M., and Haavik, J. (2009). Functional properties of missense variants of human tryptophan hydroxylase 2. Hum. Mutat. 30, 787–794.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mehta, H., Saravanan, K.S., and Mohanakumar, K.P. (2003). Serotonin synthesis inhibition in olivo-cerebellar system attenuates harmaline-induced tremor in Swiss albino mice. Behav. Brain Res. 145, 31–36.Google Scholar

  • Miller, A.L. (2005). Epidemiology, etiology, and natural treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Altern. Med. Rev. 10, 5–13.Google Scholar

  • Monti, J.M. (2011). Serotonin control of sleep-wake behavior. Sleep Med. Rev. 15, 269–281.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mosienko, V., Bert, B., Beis, D., Matthes, S., Fink, H., Bader, M., and Alenina, N. (2012). Exaggerated aggression and decreased anxiety in mice deficient in brain serotonin. Transl. Psychiatry 2, e122.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mössner, R., Freitag, C.M., Gutknecht, L., Reif, A., Tauber, R., Franke, P., Fritze, J., Wagner, G., Peikert, G., Wenda, B., et al. (2006). The novel brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene in panic disorder. J. Psychopharmacol. 20, 547–552.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Myint, A.M. and Kim, Y.K. (2014). Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis. Progr. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 304–313.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nakamura, K. and Hasegawa, H. (2007). Developmental role of tryptophan hydroxylase in the nervous system. Mol. Neurobiol. 35, 45–54.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Osipova, D.V., Kulikov, A.V., and Popova, N.K. (2009). C1473G polymorphism in mouse tph2 gene is linked to tryptophan hydroxylase-2 activity in the brain, intermale aggression, and depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. J. Neurosci. Res. 87, 1168–1174.Google Scholar

  • Osipova, D.V., Kulikov, A.V., Mekada, K., Yoshiki, A., Moshkin, M.P., Kotenkova, E.V. and Popova, N.K. (2010). Distribution of the C1473G polymorphism in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in laboratory and wild mice. Genes Brain Behav. 9, 537–543.Google Scholar

  • Otsuka, T., Kawai, M., Togo, Y., Goda, R., Kawase, T., Matsuo, H., Iwamoto, A., Nagasawa, M., Furuse, M., and Yasuo, S. (2014). Photoperiodic responses of depression-like behavior, the brain serotonergic system, and peripheral metabolism in laboratory mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 40, 37–47.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Oxenkrug, G.F. (2010). Metabolic syndrome, age-associated neuroendocrine disorders, and dysregulation of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1199, 1–14.Google Scholar

  • Partonen, T. and Lonnqvist, J. (1996). Moclobemide and fluoxetine in treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 41, 93–99.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Patel, P.D., Bochar, D.A., Turner, D.L., Meng, F., Mueller, H.M., and Pontrello, C.G. (2007). Regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene expression by a bipartite RE-1 silencer of transcription/neuron restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF) binding motif. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 26717–26724.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Perroud, N., Neidhart, E., Petit, B., Vessaz, M., Laforge, T., Relecom, C., La Harpe, R., Malafosse, A., and Guipponi, M. (2010). Simultaneous analysis of serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 gene expression in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 153B, 909–918.Google Scholar

  • Popova, N.K. and Kulikov, A.V. (2010). Targeting tryptophan hydroxylase 2 in affective disorder. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 14, 1259–1271.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Praschak-Rieder, N. and Willeit, M. (2003). Treatment of seasonal affective disorders. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 5, 389–398.Google Scholar

  • Prendergast, B.J. and Nelson, R.J. (2005). Affective responses to changes in day length in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 438–452.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rongvaux, A., Andris, F., Van Gool, F., and Leo, O. (2003). Reconstructing eukaryotic NAD metabolism. Bioessays 25, 683–690.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Roseboom, P.H., Namboodiri, M.A., Zimonjic, D.B., Popescu, N.C., Rodriguez, I.R., Gastel, J.A., and Klein, D.C. (1998). Natural melatonin ‘knockdown’ in C57BL/6J mice: rare mechanism truncates serotonin N-acetyltransferase. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 63, 189–197.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rosen, L.N., Targum, S.D., Terman, M., Bryant, M.J., Hoffman, H., Kasper, S.F., Hamovit, J.R., Docherty, J.P., Welch, B., and Rosenthal, N.E. (1990). Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Res. 31, 131–144.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rosenthal, N.E., Sack, D.A., Gillin, J.C., Lewy, A.J., Goodwin, F.K., Davenport, Y., Mueller, P.S., Newsome, D.A., and Wehr, T.A. (1984). Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary finding with light therapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 72–80.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rosenthal, N.E., Genhart, M.J., Caballero, B., Jacobsen, F.M., Skwerer, R.G., Coursey, R., Rogers, S., and Spring, B.J. (1989). Psychobiological effects carbohydrate- and protein rich meals in patients with seasonal affective disorder and normal controls. Biol. Psychiatry 25, 1029–1040.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ruhrmann, S., Kasper S., Hawellek, B., Martinez, B., Hoflich, G., Nickelsen, T., and Möller, H.J. (1998). Effect of fluoxetine versus bright light in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychol. Med. 28, 923–933.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sachs, B.D., Jacobsen, J.P.R., Thomas, T.L., Siesser, W.B., Roberts, W.L., and Caron, M.G. (2013). The effects of congenital brain serotonin deficiency on responses to chronic fluoxetine. Transl. Psychiatry 3, e291.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sanassi, L.A. (2014). Seasonal affective disorder: is there light at the end of the tunnel. JAAPA 27, 18–22.Google Scholar

  • Sandyk, R. (1992). L-Tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. Int. J. Neurosci. 67, 127–144.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Savelieva, K.V., Zhao, S., Pogorelov, V.M., Rajan, I., Yang, Q., Cullinan, E., and Lanthorn, T.H. (2008). Genetic disruption of both tryptophan hydroxylase genes dramatically reduced serotonin and affect behavior in models sensitive to antidepressants. PLoS One 3, e3301.Google Scholar

  • Sayegh, R., Schiff, I., Wurtman, J., Spiers, P., McDermott, J., and Wurtman, R. (1995). The effect of carbohydrate-rich beverage on mood, appetite, and cognitive function in women with premenstrual syndrome. Obstetr. Gynecol. 86, 520–528.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Scheuch, K., Lautenschlager, M., Grohmann, M., Stahlberg, S., Kirchheiner, J., Zill, P., Heinz, A., Walther, D.J., and Priller, J. (2007). Characterization of a functional promoter polymorphism of the human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in serotonin raphe neurons. Biol. Psychiatry 62, 1288–1294.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schwarcz, R. and Pellicciari, R. (2002). Manipulation of brain kynurenines: glial targets, neuronal effects, and clinical opportunities. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 1–10.Google Scholar

  • Shabbir, F., Patel, A., Mattison, C., Bose, S., Krishnamohan, R., Sweeney, E., Sandhu, S., Nel, W., Rais, A., Sandhu, R., et al. (2013). Effect of diet on serotonergic neurotransmission in depression. Neurochem. Int. 62, 324–329.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Shamir, A., Shaltiel, G., Levi, I., Belmaker, R.H., and Agam, G. (2005). Postmortem pariantal cortex TPH2 expression is not altered in schizophrenic, unipolar-depressed, and bipolar patients vs control subjects. J. Mol. Neurosci. 26, 33–37.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Siesser, W.B., Zhang, X., Jacobsen, J.P., Sotnikova, T.D., Gainetdinov, R.R., and Caron, M.G. (2010). Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 genotype determines brain serotonin synthesis but not tissue content in C57Bl/6J and BALB/cJ congenic mice. Neurosci. Lett. 481, 6–11.Google Scholar

  • Siesser, W.B., Sachs, B.D., Ramsey, A.J., Sotnikova, T.D., Beaulieu, J.M., Zhang, X., Caron, M.G., and Gainetdinov, R.R. (2013). Chronic SSRI treatment exacerbate serotonin deficiency in humanized Tph2 mutant mice. ASC Chem. Neurosci. 4, 84–88.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sousa Neto, J.A., Seidel, A., Manz, B., and Vollrath, L. (1995). p-Chlorophenylalanine treatment depresses the number of synaptic ribbon profiles in the rat pineal gland, but does not abolish their day-night rhythm. Ann. Anat. 177, 105–110.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Steinberg, S., Annable, L., and Young, S.N. (1994). Tryptophan in the treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: a pilot study. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 19, 114–119.Google Scholar

  • Tam, E.M., Lam, R.W., and Levitt, A.J. (1995). Treatment of seasonal affective disorder: a review. Can. J. Psychiatry 40, 457–466.Google Scholar

  • Tenner, K., Qadri, F., Bert, B., Voigt, J.P., and Bader, M. (2008). The mTPH2 C1473G single nucleotide polymorphism is not responsible for behavioral differences between mouse strains. Neurosci. Lett. 431, 21–25.Google Scholar

  • Terman, M., Terman, J.S., Quitkin, F.M., McGrath, P.J., Stewart, J.W., and Rafferty, B. (1989). Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: a review of efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2, 1–22.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Underwood, M.D., Khaibulina, A.A., Ellis, S.P., Moran, A., Rice, P.M., Mann, J.J., and Arango, V. (1999). Morphometry of the dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons in suicide victims. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 473–483.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Underwood, M.D., Mann, J.J., and Arango, V. (2004). Serotonergic and noradrenergic neurobiology of alcoholic suicide. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 28(Suppl.), 57S–69S.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Van Den Bogaert, A., Sleegers, K., De Zutter, S., Heyrman, L., Norrback, K.F., Adolfsson, R., Van Broeckhoven, C., and Del-Favero, J. (2006). Association of brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase, TPH2, with unipolar and bipolar disorder in a Northern Swedish, isolated population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63, 1103–1110.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • van der Goot, A.T. and Nollen, E.A. (2013). Tryptophan metabolism: entering the field of aging and age-related pathologies. Trend Mol. Med. 19, 336–344.Google Scholar

  • Van Praag, H.M. (2004). Can stress cause depression? Progr. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 891–907.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Waider, J., Araragi, N., Gutknecht, L., and Lesch, K.P. (2011). Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) in disorders of cognitive control and emotion regulation: a perspective. Psychoneuroendocrinology 36, 393–405.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Walther, D. and Bader, M. (2003). A unique central tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66, 1673–1680.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Walther, D.J., Peter, J.U., Bashammakh, S., Hörtnagl, H., Voits, M., Fink, H., and Bader, M. (2003). Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Science 299, 76.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Willner, P. (1990). Animal models of depression: an overview. Pharmacol. Ther. 45, 425–455.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Willner, P. and Mitchell, P.J. (2002). The validity of animal models of predisposition to depression. Behav. Pharmacol. 13, 169–188.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wurtmam, R.J. (1987). Nutrients affecting brain composition and behavior. Integr. Psychiatry 5, 226–57.Google Scholar

  • Wurtman, R.J. and Wurtman, J.J. (1986). Carbohydrate craving, obesity and brain serotonin. Appetite 7, 99.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wurtman, J.J., Brzezinski, A., Wurtman, R.J., and Laferrere, B. (1989). Effect of nutrient intake on premenstrual depression. Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. 161, 1228–1234.Google Scholar

  • Yacoubi, M.E. and Vaugeois, J.M. (2007). Genetic rodent models of depression. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7, 3–7.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zhang, X., Beaulieu, J.M., Sotnikova, T.D., Gainetdinov, R.R., and Caron, M.G. (2004). Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 controls brain serotonin synthesis. Science 305, 217.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zhang, X., Gainetdinov, R.R., Beaulieu, J.M., Sotnikova, T.D., Burch, L.H., Williams, R.B., Schwartz, D.A., Krishnan, K.R., and Caron, M.G. (2005). Loss-of-function mutation in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 identified in unipolar major depression. Neuron 45, 11–16.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zhang, X., Nichols, P.J., Laje, G., Beaulieu, J.M., Sotnikova, T.D., Gainetdinov, R.R., Albert, P.R., Raikowska, G., Stockmeier, C.A., Speer, M.C., et al. (2011). A functional alternative splicing mutation in human tryptophan hydroxylase 2. Mol. Psychiatry, 16, 1169–1176.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zhou, Z., Roy, A., Lipsky, R., Kuchipudi, K., Zhu, G., Taubman, J., Enoch, M.A., Virkkunen, M., and Goldman, D. (2005). Haplotype-based linkage of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 to suicide attempt, major depression, and cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in 4 populations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62, 1109–1118.Google Scholar

  • Zill, P., Büttner, A., Eisenmenger, W., Möller, H.J., Ackenheil, M., and Bondy, B. (2007). Analysis of tryptophan hydroxylase I and II mRNA expression in the human brain: a post-mortem study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41, 168–173.CrossrefGoogle Scholar

About the article

Corresponding author: Alexander V. Kulikov, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Avenue Lavrentyev, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, e-mail:


Received: 2015-03-24

Accepted: 2015-05-26

Published Online: 2015-07-10

Published in Print: 2015-12-01


Citation Information: Reviews in the Neurosciences, Volume 26, Issue 6, Pages 679–690, ISSN (Online) 2191-0200, ISSN (Print) 0334-1763, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2015-0013.

Export Citation

©2015 by De Gruyter.Get Permission

Citing Articles

Here you can find all Crossref-listed publications in which this article is cited. If you would like to receive automatic email messages as soon as this article is cited in other publications, simply activate the “Citation Alert” on the top of this page.

[1]
N. N. Khlebnikova, E. V. Orshanskaya, V. B. Narkevich, V. S. Kudrin, and N. A. Krupina
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2017, Volume 163, Number 2, Page 190
[2]
Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
Life Sciences, 2017, Volume 178, Page 87
[3]
Ekaterina Y. Bazhenova, Daria V. Bazovkina, Elizabeth A. Kulikova, Dariya V. Fursenko, Nikita V. Khotskin, Daria V. Lichman, and Alexander V. Kulikov
Neuroscience Letters, 2017, Volume 640, Page 105

Comments (0)

Please log in or register to comment.
Log in