1
I offer my most sincere thanks to all authors here for their insightful conversations with me during the preparation of this special section. My introductory text owes an enormous amount to them, and they have greatly stretched both my knowledge and my imagination. I am grateful also to Thomas Lutz for his valuable advice.
2
These processes have been duely documented, cf., for example, the decade-old Michal Kopeček, ed, Past in the Making. Historical Revisionism in Central Europe after 1989, New York, Budapest 2008; or the more recent Ulf Brunnbauer, Historical Writing in the Balkans, in: Axel Schneider / Daniel Woolf, eds, The Oxford History of Historical Writing, vol. 5: Historical Writing since 1945, Oxford 2011, 353-375.
3
Generally on the economic, social and cultural aspects of the Second World War, and including both questions of remembrance and stakes for a future research agenda, cf. Michael Geyer / Adam Tooze, eds, The Cambridge History of the Second World War, vol. 3: Total War. Economy, Society and Culture, Cambridge 2015.
4
My sincerest thanks to Hannes Grandits and Xavier Bougarel for their invitation to participate in this network. I found the discussions hugely illuminating and they greatly helped me to move my own research towards a decisive track.
5
Xavier Bougarel / Hannes Grandits / Marija Vulesica, eds, Local Approaches to the Second World War in Southeastern Europe (working title; in preparation).
6
Geyer / Tooze, eds, Total War. Economy, Society and Culture, 8.
7
Geyer / Tooze, eds, Total War. Economy, Society and Culture, 5.
8
Diana Dumitru, The State, Antisemitism, and Collaboration in the Holocaust. The Borderlands of Romania and the Soviet Union, New York 2016.
9
Sabine Rutar, ‘Unsere abgebrochene Südostecke’. Bergbau im nördlichen Jugoslawien (Slowenien) unter deutscher Besatzung (1941-1945), in: Marc Buggeln / Michael Wildt, eds, Arbeit im Nationalsozialismus, München 2014, 272-292, 287. The book is available open access, https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/220380. All internet references were accessed on 1 June 2017.
10
On the entanglements of Yugoslav war narratives Sabine Rutar, Versponnene Fäden. Kriegsnarrative im jugoslawischen Raum, in: Boris Previšić / Svjetlan Lacko Vidulić, eds, Traumata der Transition. Erfahrung und Reflexion des jugoslawischen Zerfalls, Tübingen 2015, 133-160.
11
Jürgen Kilian, The Greek ‘Forced Loan’ during the Second World War. Demand for Reparations or Restitution?, Südosteuropa. Journal of Politics and Society 64, no. 1 (2016), 96-108.
12
Chryssoula Kambas / Marilisa Mitsou, eds, Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur, Vienna 2015.
13
The Republic of Salò was under the protectorate of the German Reich, but power was de facto in the hands of Mussolini and his fascists. Cf. Claudio Pavone, A Civil War. A History of the Italian Resistance, London 2013 (Italian original: Claudio Pavone, Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità nella resistenza, Torino 1992).
14
Janko Pleterski, Instrumentalizacija pietete, Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino 54, no. 2 (2014), 263-274, 270.
15
Cf., for example, Giuliana Chamedes, The Vatican, Nazi-Fascism, and the Making of Transnational Anti-Communism in the 1930s, Journal of Contemporary History 51, no. 2 (2015), 261-290.
16
Cf., for example, Wim van Meurs, The Burden of Universal Suffrage and Parliamentary Democracy in (Southeastern) Europe, in: Sabine Rutar, ed, Beyond the Balkans. Towards an Inclusive History of Southeastern Europe, Vienna et al. 2014, 161-179, on the mimicking of Mussolini’s 1923 Electoral Law in Romania in 1926.
17
Arnd Bauerkämper, Das umstrittene Gedächtnis. Die Erinnerung an Nationalsozialismus, Faschismus und Krieg in Europa seit 1945, Paderborn 2012, 22. Cf., to the same tune, the empirical studies linking imperial and postimperial settings, leading up to the Second World War, in Omer Bartov / Eric D. Weitz, eds, Shatterzones of Empires. Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands, Bloomington/IN 2013.
18
Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin, London 2010. The book has attracted substantial criticism; I mention only the convincing conceptual comments by Michael Wildt, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin by Timothy Snyder, Kritika. Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 14, no. 1 (2013), 197-206.
19
Norman M. Naimark, Stalin’s Genocides, Princeton/NJ 2010. Cf. on the coming to terms with the experience and memory of stalinist violence after Stalin cf. Pavel Kolář, Der Poststalinismus. Ideologie und Utopie einer Epoche, Cologne et al. 2016; Sabine Rutar, ed, Nationalism and Violence in Post-Stalinist Eastern Europe, special issue of Nations and Nationalism (currently under review).
20
The following section draws deeply on the lecture Masha Cerovic delivered in the framework of the above-mentioned project ‘New Approaches to the Second World War in Southeastern Europe’, during the project groups’s final workshop in Athens, on 10 March 2016. I am grateful to her for allowing me to see her notes, and for her valuable advice. Cf. Masha Cerovic, Les enfants de Joseph. Les partisans soviétiques – révolution, guerre civile et résistance armée à l’occupation allemande en URSS (1941-1944), PhD thesis, Paris 2012.
21
Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War. Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939-1945, New York 2006; Anita J. Prażmowska, Civil War in Poland, 1942-1948, Basingstoke 2004; Bernhard Chiari / Jerzy Kochanowski, eds, Die polnische Heimatarmee. Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, Munich 2003.
22
On the interdependencies of war and genocide Norman M. Naimark, War and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941-1945, Contemporary European History 16, no. 2 (2007), 259-274. Cf. also the chapters in Bartov / Weitz, eds, Shatterzones of Empire; on Bessarabia and northern Bukovina Vladimir Solonari, Patterns of Violence. The Local Population and the Mass Murder of Jews in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, July–August 1941, Kritika. Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, no. 4 (2007), 749-787; on Belorussia and Ukraine Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust. Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44, New York 2000; on Poland Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust. Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947, Jefferson/NC 1998.
23
The term is borrowed from Mark Mazower, Hitler’s Empire. How the Nazis Ruled Europe, New York 2008, 355. Mazower had in turn most probably borrowed it from Alexander Dallin, ‘Ethnic Dumping Ground of Romania’. Odessa, 1941-1944. A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule, Iași et al. 1998. For a concise account of Moldova during the Second World War cf. Vladimir Solonari, Die Moldauische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik während des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1941-1945), in: Klaus Bochmann et al., eds, Die Republik Moldau. Ein Handbuch, Leipzig 2013, 87-98.
24
On Greece cf. the pioneering work by Violetta Hionidou, Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941-1944, Cambridge 2006. For a global perspective Lizzi Collingham, The Taste of War. World War II and the Battle for Food, New York 2012; on the Soviet Union comprehensively Wendy Z. Goldman / Donald A. Flitzer, eds, Hunger and War. Food Provisioning in the Soviet Union during World War II, Bloomington/IN 2015; on Ukraine Andrea Graziosi / Lubomyr A. Hajda / Halyna Hryn, eds, After the Holodomor. The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine on Ukraine, Cambridge/MA 2014; from the German perspective the path-breaking Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde. Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland 1941 bis 1944, Hamburg 1999; cf. also Christoph Dieckmann / Babette Quinkert, eds, Kriegführung und Hunger 1939-1945. Zum Verhältnis von militärischen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Interessen, Göttingen 2015; and the somewhat anecdotical Gesine Gerhard, Nazi Hunger Politics: A History of Food in the Third Reich, Lanham/MD 2015, on one of the main engineers of the ‘hunger plan’ as part of the German war efforts against the Soviet Union, Herbert Backe.
25
Christian Gerlach, Extremely Violent Societies. Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World, Cambridge 2010; Jörg Baberowski / Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, Ordnung durch Terror. Gewaltexzesse und Vernichtung im nationalsozialistischen und stalinistischen Imperium, Bonn 2006; Snyder, Bloodlands.
26
Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941-45. German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare, Basingstoke, Hampshire 1985.
27
Cf. Gabriel Fawcett, The Wehrmacht Exhibition, History Today 52, no. 4 (2002), http://www.gabrielfawcett.com/articles/wehrmachtexhibition.html. The revised version of the exhibition is documented online and features also a press coverage collection, Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1944, http://www.verbrechen-der-wehrmacht.de/.
28
Cf., for example, the meticulous recent works on the German labour deployment system in various of the occupied territories, Florian Dierl / Zoran Janjetović / Karsten Linne, Pflicht, Zwang und Gewalt. Arbeitsverwaltungen und Arbeitskräftepolitik im deutsch besetzten Polen und Serbien 1939-1944, Essen 2013; Dieter Pohl / Tanja Sebta, eds, Zwangsarbeit in Hitlers Europa. Besatzung – Arbeit – Folgen, Berlin 2013; Tilman Plath, Zwischen ‘Schonung’ und ‘Menschenjagden’. ‘Arbeitseinsatzpolitik’ in den baltischen Generalbezirken des ‘Reichskommissariats Ostland’ 1941-1945, Essen 2012. The volume establishing a new series published by the Independent Commission of Historians for the Reappraisal of the History of the Reich’s Ministry of Labour during the National Socialist Era (Unabhängige Historikerkommission zur Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des Reichsarbeitsministeriums in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus) continues this approach, Alexander Nützenadel, ed, Das Reichsarbeitsministerium im Nationalsozialismus. Verwaltung – Politik – Verbrechen, Göttingen 2017. That project is one of the more recent among others concerned with the history of German ministries in the national socialist era, cf. the overview in Christian Mentel / Niels Weise, Die zentralen deutschen Behörden und der Nationalsozialismus. Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung, München, Potsdam 2016.
29
Amir Weiner, Saving Private Ivan. From What, Why, and How?, Kritika. Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1, no. 2 (2000), 305-336; Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War. The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton 2001; Amir Weiner, Something to Die For, a Lot to Kill For. The Soviet System and the Barbarisation of Warfare, 1939-1945, in: George Kassimeris, ed, The Barbarisation of Warfare, New York 2006, 101-125.
30
Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilization, Berkeley/CA 1995.
31
Mark Edele / Michael Geyer, States of Exception. The Nazi-Soviet War as a System of Violence, 1939-1945, in: Michael Geyer / Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds, Beyond Totalitarianism. Stalinism and Nazism Compared, Cambridge 2009, 345-395.
32
Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941-45; Kassimeris, ed, The Barbarisation of Warfare.
33
Alfred J. Rieber, Civil Wars in the Soviet Union, Kritika. Explorations in Russian & Eurasian History 4, no. 1 (2003), 129-162.
34
For the German side cf. the compelling Sönke Neitzel / Harald Welzer, Soldaten. On Fighting, Killing, and Dying. The Secret World War II Transcripts of German POWs, Brunswick/Vic. 2012 (German original: Soldaten. Protokolle vom Kämpfen, Töten und Sterben, Frankfurt/M. 2011).
35
Bartov / Weitz, Shatterzone of Empires; and Alexander Prusin, The Lands Between. Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870-1992, Oxford, New York 2010. For regional and local accounts cf. Catherine Gousseff, Échanger les peuples. Le déplacement des minorités aux confins polono-soviétiques, 1944-1947, Paris 2015; Leonid Rein, The Kings and the Pawns. Collaboration in Byelorussia During World War II, New York 2011; Alexander Statiev, The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands, Cambridge 2010; Tanja Penter, Kohle für Stalin und Hitler. Arbeiten und Leben im Donbass, 1929-1953, Essen 2010; Alexander Brakel, Unter Rotem Stern und Hakenkreuz. Baranowicze 1939-1944 – das westliche Weißrussland unter sowjetischer und deutscher Besatzung, Paderborn 2009; Tomas Balkelis, War, Ethnic Conflict, and the Refugee Crisis in Lithuania, 1939-1940, Contemporary European History 16, no. 4 (2007), 461-477; Karel Cornelis Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule, Cambridge/MA 2004; Bernhard Chiari, Alltag hinter der Front. Besatzung, Kollaboration und Widerstand in Weissrussland 1941-1944, Düsseldorf 1998.
36
Weiner, Making Sense of War.
37
Edele / Geyer, States of Exception.
38
The literature on demographic engineering and forced population transfers is vast, I mention only the overviews Matthew Frank, Making Minorities History. Population Transfer in Twentieth-Century Europe, Oxford 2017; Philipp Ther, The Dark Side of Nation States. Ethnic Cleansing in Modern Europe, New York, London 2014.
39
Cf. Mischa Gabowitsch / Cordula Gdaniec / Ekaterina Makhotina, eds, Kriegsgedenken als Event. Der 9. Mai 2015 im postsozialistischen Europa, Paderborn 2017; Bogdan Musial, Sowjetische Partisanen 1941-1944. Mythos und Wirklichkeit, Paderborn 2009; Mark Edele, Soviet Veterans of the Second World War. A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941-1991, Oxford 2008; Nathalie Moine, La commission d’enquête soviétique sur les crimes de guerre nazis. Entre reconquête du territoire, écriture du récit de la guerre et usages justiciers, Mouvement social 222, no. 1 (2008), 81-109; Elazar Barkan / Elizabeth A. Cole / Kai Struve, eds, Shared History – Divided Memory. Jews and Others in Soviet–Occupied Poland, 1939-1941, Göttingen 2007.
40
Arnd Bauerkämper limits himself to the somewhat asymmetric triad ‘victors, victims, and martyrs’, Bauerkämper, Das umstrittene Gedächtnis, 370.
41
Reinhart Koselleck, ‘Erfahrungsraum’ und ‘Erwartungshorizont’ – zwei historische Ka- tegorien, in: Reinhart Koselleck, Vergangene Zukunft. Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten, Frankfurt/M. 1989, 349-375. For a critical reading cf. Peter Osborne, Expecting the Unexpected. Beyond the ‘Horizon of Expectation‘, in: Maria Hlavajova / Simon Sheikh / Jill Winder, eds, On Horizons. A Critical Reader in Contemporary Art, Utrecht 2011, 112-128.
42
Reinhart Koselleck, Einleitung, in: Reinhart Koselleck, Zeitschichten. Studien zur Historik, Frankfurt/M. 2003, 9-18, 9.
43
Reinhart Koselleck, Erinnerungsschleusen und Erfahrungsschichten. Der Einfluß der beiden Weltkriege auf das soziale Bewußtsein, in: Reinhart Koselleck, Zeitschichten. Studien zur Historik. Frankfurt/M. 2000, 265-286, 275.
44
Milica Bakić-Hayden, Nesting Orientalisms. The Case of Former Yugoslavia, Slavic Review 54, no. 4 (1995), 917-931.
45
Pertaining to the Second World War cf., for example, Serge Noiret, Il ruolo della Public History nei luoghi della guerra civile italiana, 1943-1945, Ricerche storiche 43, no. 2 (2013), 315- 338; Mark A. Wolfgram, ‘Getting History Right’. East and West German Collective Memories of the Holocaust and War, Lewisburg/PA 2011. On the post-1990 ‘history wars’ cf. Jeremy Black, Contesting History. Narratives of Public History, London 2014, 167-201. More generally, see Hilda Kean / Paul Martin, eds, The Public History Reader, London 2013; James B. Gardner / Paula Hamilton, The Oxford Handbook of Public History, Oxford 2017.
46
Cf. Henri Rousso, Les dilemmes d’une mémoire européenne, in: François Dosse / Christian Delacroix / Patrick Garcia, eds, Historicités, Paris 2009, 203-221.
47
Cf. Brunnbauer, Historical Writing in the Balkans; and Maria Todorova, ed, Balkan Identities. Nation and Memory, London 2004.
48
Council of the European Union, Draft Council Conclusions on the Memory of the Crimes Committed by the Totalitarian Regimes in Europe, Brussels, 8 June 2011, 5 and 2, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%2011268%202011%20INIT.
49
For the Slovenian variant cf. Milica Kacin Wohinz / Nevenka Troha, eds, Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 / I rapporti italo-sloveni 1880-1956 / Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956. Poročilo slovensko-italijanske zgodovinsko-kulturne komisije / Relazione della Commissione storico-culturale italo-slovena / Report of the Slovene-Italian Historical and Cultural Commission, Ljubljana 2000. In Italy, the report was published and commented on in various academic journals, for example, Relazione della Commissione italo-slovena sui rapporti tra i due paesi fra il 1880 e il 1956, Storia contemporanea in Friuli 31, no. 2 (2000), 9-35; Piero Delbello, ed, 10 anni per un documento. La relazione della commissione mista di storici insediata da Roma e Lubiana sui rapporti italo-sloveni fra il 1880 e il 1956. Alcune riflessioni, supplementary edition to Tempi & cultura. Istria, Fiume, Dalmazia. Rivista semestrale dell’Istituto regionale per la cultura istriana 9 (2001).
50
Only the Slovene side of the Slovenian–Austrian commission published its result, and bilingually, cf. Dušan Nećak et al., eds, Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju / Slowenisch-österreichische Beziehungen im 20. Jahrhundert, Ljubljana 2004. Cf. herein on the Second World War Bojan Godeša / Tone Ferenc, Die Slowenen unter der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1941-1945, 219-268. The Slovenian-Croatian commission published no results.
51
For a comparative perspective, cf. Muriel Blaive / Christian Gerbel / Thomas Lindenberger, eds, Clashes in European Memory. The Case of Communist Repression and the Holocaust, Innsbruck 2011.
52
Jan T. Gross, Neighbors. The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland, Princeton/NJ, Oxford 2001. On the controversy Antony Polonsky / Joanna B. Michlic, eds, The Neighbors Respond. The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland, Princeton/NJ, Oxford 2003. Cf. Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed, Contested Memories. Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, New Brunswick/NJ 2003; and Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust.
53
Museum of the Second World War, Gdansk, http://www.muzeum1939.pl. The museum’s exhibition as been internationally acclaimed, cf., for example, Joachim von Puttkamer, Europäisch und polnisch zugleich. Das Museum des Zweiten Weltkriegs in Danzig, Osteuropa 67, no. 1-2 (2017), 3-12.
54
Amanda Borschel-Dan, Is New Polish Law an Attempt to Whitewash Its Citizens’ Roles in the Holocaust?, The Times of Israel, 18 August 2016, http://www.timesofisrael.com/is-new-polish-law-an-attempt-to-whitewash-its-citizens-roles-in-the-holocaust/; Polish Government Wins Gdansk World War II Museum Case, Deutsche Welle, 25 January 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/polish-government-wins-gdansk-world-war-ii-museum-case/a-37261074; Yehuda Bauer / Havi Dreifuss, Poles’ Shoah Law Is Antisemitic, The Jewish Chronicle, 24 February 2017, https://www.thejc.com/comment/analysis/poles-shoah-law-is-antisemitic-1.433190.
55
Emmanuel Droit, Le Goulag contre la Shoah. Mémoires officielles et cultures mémorielles dans l’Europe élargie, Vingtième siècle. Revue d’histoire 94 (2007), no. 2, 101-120.
56
Committee of Experts, House of European History, Conceptual Basis for a House of European History, Brussels, October 2008, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/745/745721/745721_en.pdf.
57
Cf. the recent interview with the museum’s curator, Tanja Vovk van Gaal, Marco Abram, The House of European History, Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa, 4 March 2017, https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Europe/The-House-of-European-History-178791.
58
Committee of Experts, House of European History, Conceptual Basis, 18, point 71; and 19, point 79. For the sake of brevity, I mention all subsequent references to the document above in the body text.
59
Declaration of the European Parliament on the proclamation of 23 August as European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism, Brussels, 23 September 2008, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0439+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN.
60
The Baltic Way 1989-2014, History, http://www.thebalticway.eu/en/history/.
61
Cf. Kristen Ghodsee, The Left Side of History. World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe, Durham 2015.
62
Parlamento Italiano, Istituzione del ‘Giorno del ricordo’ in memoria delle vittime delle foibe, dell’esodo giuliano-dalmata, delle vicende del confine orientale e concessione di un riconoscimento ai congiunti degli infoibati, Legge 30 marzo 2004, n. 92, pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 86 del 13 aprile 2004, http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/04092l.htm.
63
Cf. especially the study accomplished as a Slovenian–Italian–Croatian cooperation, Jože Pirjevec / Nevenka Troha / Gorazd Bajc / Darko Dukovski / Guido Franzinetti, Foibe. Una storia d’Italia, Torino 2009. A Slovene translation was published in 2012, Fojbe, Ljubljana 2012. See also Raoul Pupo, La piú recente storiografia italiana di frontiera: alcune questioni interpretative, Acta Histriae 20, no. 2-3 (2012), 293-306.
64
Cf. for a more elaborate presentation of the Italian politics of memory Sabine Rutar, Epistemologische Grenzen und europäische Zeitgeschichte am Beispiel der nordöstlichen Adriaregion, Europa regional 22, no. 3-4 (2015), special issue ‘Zur Zeitlichkeit räumlicher Konstrukte. Grenzen und Regionen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart‘, 192-206, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-459994. Comprehensively on the Italian eastern border, Marina Cattaruzza, Italy and Its Eastern Border, 1866-2016, New York/NY, London 2017 (Italian original: L’Italia e il confine orientale, 1866-2006, Bologna 2007).
65
Filippo Focardi, Il cattivo tedesco e il bravo italiano. La rimozione delle colpe della seconda guerra mondiale, Roma, Bari 2013.
66
Thomas Kühne / Benjamin Ziemann, Militärgeschichte in der Erweiterung. Konjunkturen, Interpretationen, Konzepte, in: Thomas Kühne / Benjamin Ziemann, eds, Was ist Militärgeschichte?, Paderborn 2000, 9-46.
67
Cornelia Sorabji, A Very Modern War. Terror and Territory in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in: Robert A. Hinde / Helen E. Watson, eds, War – a Cruel Necessity? The Bases of Institutionalized Violence, London 1995, 80-93.
68
Joel M. Halpern / David A. Kideckel, eds, Neighbors at War. Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, University Park/PA 2000.
69
Max Bergholz, Violence as a Generative Force. Identity, Nationalism, and Memory in a Balkan Community, Ithaca/NY 2016. Cf. Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups, Cambridge/MA 2004.
70
Foucault’s work on ‘governmentality’ is an obvious reference here, yet Foucault did not include war in his reflections, cf. Michel Foucault, Power, edited by James D. Faubion, New York 2000, 341.
71
Alon Confino, Foundational Pasts. The Holocaust as Historical Understanding, Cambridge 2011.
72
Neitzel / Welzer, Soldaten. On Fighting, Killing, and Dying.
73
Christoph Kreutzmüller / Michael Wildt / Moshe Zimmermann, eds, National Economies. Volks-Wirtschaft, Racism and Economy in Europe between the Wars (1918-1939/45), Newcastle 2015; Martina Steber / Bernhard Gotto, eds, Visions of Community in Nazi Germany. Social Engineering and Private Lives, Oxford 2014; Michael Wildt, ‘Volksgemeinschaft’, Version 1.0, Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte, 3 June 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.14765/zzf.dok.2.569.v1.
74
Tatjana Tönsmeyer, Besatzungsgesellschaften. Begriffliche und konzeptionelle überlegungen zur Erfahrungsgeschichte des Alltags unter deutscher Besatzung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte, 18 December 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.14765/zzf.dok.2.663.v1. In the field of (South) East European (forced) labour history such a reversal of perspectives has started happening, pioneered by Penter, Kohle für Stalin und Hitler; and taken up by Sanela Hodžić / Christian Schölzel, Zwangsarbeit im ‘Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien’ 1941-1945, Münster 2012; and Rutar, ‘Unsere abgebrochene Südostecke’.
75
Jan Philipp Reemtsma, Vertrauen und Gewalt. Versuch über eine besondere Konstellation der Moderne, Hamburg 2008, 66-67.
76
Doris Bergen, What Do Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Contribute to Understanding the Holocaust?, in: Myrna Goldenberg / Amy Shapiro, eds, Different Horrors, Same Hell. Gender and the Holocaust, Washington 2013, 16-37, 21.
77
On the concept of ‚choiceless choices’ Lawrence L. Langer, Versions of Survival. The Holocaust and the Human Spirit, Albany 1982, esp. 72.
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