Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter August 17, 2017

Bourdieu, Weber und Rational Choice: Versuch einer Weiterentwicklung des religiösen Feldmodells am Beispiel Chinas

  • Nikolas Broy EMAIL logo

Zusammenfassung

Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht eine Weiterentwicklung des religiösen Feldmodells des französischen Soziologen Pierre Bourdieu, welches dieser auf der Grundlage der Vorarbeiten Max Webers aufgestellt hat. Am Beispiel der vielseitigen religiösen Landschaft Chinas werde ich zeigen, dass dieses Modell jedoch nur bedingt erklärungsfähig ist, da es (1) die Rolle des Staates und staatlicher Akteure bei der Ausformulierung des religiösen Feldes ausblendet und (2) die von Weber übernommenen vier Akteurstypen bzw. Feldpositionen die Komplexität religiöser Interaktionen in China nicht abbilden können. Ausgehend von dieser Beobachtung werde ich auf die regulative und domestizierende Macht des Staates eingehen und zeigen, dass das religiöse Feld Chinas als Oligopol oder Polypol zu verstehen ist. Des Weiteren werde ich unter Rückgriff auf die chinesische Religionsgeschichte eine detaillierte Differenzierung der Feldpositionen vornehmen und dabei v. a. auf die unterschiedlichen Interessen und Commitments der „Laien“ eingehen.

Abstract

The present article aims at a novel understanding of the “religious field” model as it has been developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu in his reading of Max Weber’s sociology of religion. Taking the religious landscape of China as a point of departure, I will argue that this model is only of limited value to analyze religious diversity. First, Bourdieu’s model ignores the importance of the state in the formation and regulation of the religious field. Second, his typology of four primary field positions (priest, magician, prophet, and “laity”) is too simplistic to adequately address the variety of religious interactions in China, and other religiously pluralistic societies as well. By taking into account these considerations and by incorporating a number of hypotheses from the “rational choice theorists” Rodney Stark, William Sims Bainbridge, Roger Finke, and Yang Fenggang, I will propose a new understanding of the religious field model.

Bibliographie

Berger, Johannes. 2009. Der diskrete Charme des Marktes: Aufsätze zur Wirtschaftssoziologie. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.10.1007/978-3-531-91978-2Search in Google Scholar

Billioud, Sébastien und Joël Thoraval. 2015. The Sage and the People: The Confucian Revival in China. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190258139.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Boileau, Gilles. 2002. „Wu and Shaman.“ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65/2:350–378.10.1017/S0041977X02000149Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1971 a. „Genèse et structure du champ religieux.“ Revue française de sociologie 12/3:295–334.10.2307/3320234Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1971 b. „Une interprétation de la théorie de la religion selon Max Weber.“ European Journal of Sociology 12/1:3–21.10.1017/S0003975600002174Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1983. „Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital.“ In Soziale Ungleichheiten, hg. v. Reinhard Kreckel, 183–198. Göttingen: Schwartz.10.1007/978-3-531-18944-4_15Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. Rede und Antwort. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Praktische Vernunft: Zur Theorie des Handelns. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2009 a. „Die Auflösung des Religiösen.“ In Pierre Bourdieu: Religion, hg. v. Franz Schultheis und Stephan Egger, 243–249. Konstanz: UVK.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2009 b. „Eine Interpretation der Religion nach Max Weber.“ In Pierre Bourdieu: Religion, hg. v. Franz Schultheis und Stephan Egger, 7–29. Konstanz: UVK.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2009 c. „Genese und Struktur des religiösen Feldes.“ In Pierre Bourdieu: Religion, hg. v. Franz Schultheis und Stephan Egger, 30–90. Konstanz: UVK.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2014. Sozialer Sinn: Kritik der theoretischen Vernunft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre, Jenny B. Burnside, Craig Calhoun und Leah Florence, Übers. 1991. „Genesis and Structure of the Religious Field.“ Comparative Social Research 13:1–44.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre und Stephan Egger, Hg. 2000. Das religiöse Feld: Texte zur Ökonomie des Heilsgeschehens. Konstanz: UVK.Search in Google Scholar

Broy, Nikolas. 2007. „Das dharma schützen, das Reich schützen, sich selbst schützen? Militärisch tätige buddhistische Mönche in China in den Dynastien Song und Ming.“ Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 15/2:199–224.10.1515/zfr.2007.15.2.199Search in Google Scholar

Broy, Nikolas. 2015. „Syncretic Sects and Redemptive Societies: Toward a New Understanding of ‘Sectarianism’ in the Study of Chinese Religions.“ Review of Religion and Chinese Society 2/2:145–185.10.1163/22143955-00202002Search in Google Scholar

Broy, Nikolas. 2016. „Civilization, Progress, and the ‘Foul Stench of Religion’: The Concepts of ‘Religion’ and ‘Superstition’ in the Politics of Modern East Asia.“ In Religion, Place and Modernity: Spatial Articulations in Southeast Asia and East Asia, hg. v. Michael Dickhardt und Andrea Lauser, 37–68. Leiden: Brill.Search in Google Scholar

Bruce, Steve. 1999. Choice and Religion: A Critique of Rational Choice Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bujard, Marianne. 2009. „State and Local Cults in Han Religion.“ In Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC-220 AD), hg. v. John Lagerwey und Marc Kalinowski, 777–811. Leiden: Brill.Search in Google Scholar

Chamberlin, Edward H. 1969. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-Orientation of the Theory of Value. Cambridge, Mass. Oxford University Press.10.2307/2549978Search in Google Scholar

Chandler, Stuart. 2005. „Spreading Buddha’s Light: The Internationalization of Foguang Shan.“ In Buddhist Missionaries in the Era of Globalization, hg. v. Linda Learman, 162–184. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.10.1515/9780824874025-010Search in Google Scholar

Chau, Adam Y. 2011. „Modalities of Doing Religion and Ritual Polytropy: Evaluating the Religious Market Model from the Perspective of Chinese Religious History.“ Religion 41/4:547–568.10.1080/0048721X.2011.624691Search in Google Scholar

Chen Jianlin. 2014 a. „Deconstructing the Religious Free Market.“ Journal of Law, Religion and State 3/1:1–24.10.1163/22124810-00301001Search in Google Scholar

Chen Jianlin. 2014 b. „Money and Power in Religious Competition: A Critique of the Religious Free Market.“ Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 3/2:1–23.10.1093/ojlr/rwt069Search in Google Scholar

Chen Jianlin. 2015. Law & Religious Market. The University of Chicago: PhD diss.Search in Google Scholar

Clart, Philip. 2007. „The Concept of ‘Popular Religion’ in the Study of Chinese Religions: Retrospect and Prospects.“ In The Fourth Fu Jen University Sinological Symposium: Research on Religions in China: Status quo and Perspectives, hg. v. Zbigniew Wesolowski, 166–203. Xinzhuang: Furen daxue chubanshe.Search in Google Scholar

Clart, Philip. 2009. Die Religionen Chinas. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.10.36198/9783838532608Search in Google Scholar

Davis, Edward L. 2001. Society and the Supernatural in Song China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.10.1515/9780824864361Search in Google Scholar

Duara, Prasenjit. 2001. „The Discourse of Civilization and Pan-Asianism.“ Journal of World History 12/1:99–130.10.1353/jwh.2001.0009Search in Google Scholar

Eichhorn, Werner. 1976. Die alte Chinesische Religion und das Staatskultwesen. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004488328Search in Google Scholar

Feuchtwang, Stephan. 2005. Popular Religion in China: The Imperial Metaphor. Richmond: Curzon.10.4324/9781003173410Search in Google Scholar

Fisher, Gareth. 2014. From Comrades to Bodhisattvas: Moral Dimensions of Lay Buddhist Practice in Contemporary China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.10.21313/hawaii/9780824839666.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 2003. Die Ordnung des Diskurses. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Gentz, Joachim. 2013. „Religious Diversity in Three Teachings Discourses.“ In Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought, hg. v. Perry Schmidt-Leukel und Joachim Gentz, 123–139. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137318503_10Search in Google Scholar

Goldfuß, Gabriele. 2001. Vers un bouddhisme du XXe sìecle: Yang Wenhui (1837–1911), réformateur laïque et imprimeur. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises.Search in Google Scholar

Goossaert, Vincent. 2006. „Resident Specialists and Temple Managers in Late Imperial China.“ Minsu quyi 民俗曲藝153:25–68.Search in Google Scholar

Goossaert, Vincent. 2014. „Managing Chinese Religious Pluralism in Nineteenth-Century City God Temples.“ In Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present, hg. v. Thomas Jansen, Thoralf Klein und Christian Meyer, 29–51. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004271517_003Search in Google Scholar

Goossaert, Vincent und David A. Palmer. 2011. The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226304182.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Groot, Jan J. M. de. 1903. Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions. Amsterdam.Search in Google Scholar

Gukenbiehl, Hermann L. 2006. „Institution und Organisation.“ In Einführung in Hauptbegriffe der Soziologie, hg. v. Hermann Korte und Bernhard Schäfers, 143–160. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.10.1007/978-3-531-90032-2_8Search in Google Scholar

Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1994. „Why Strict Churches Are Strong.“ American Journal of Sociology 99/5:1180–1211.10.1086/230409Search in Google Scholar

Jones, Stephen. 2010. In Search of the Folk Daoists in North China. Farnham, Surrey, England/Burlington, VT: Ashgate.10.4324/9781315588155Search in Google Scholar

Jones, Stephen. 2017. Daoist Priests of the Li Family: Ritual Life in Village China. St. Petersburg: Three Pines Press.Search in Google Scholar

Katz, Paul R. 2003. „Religion and the State in Post-war Taiwan.“ The China Quarterly 174:395–412.10.1017/S000944390300024XSearch in Google Scholar

Katz, Paul R. 2014. Religion in China and Its Modern Fate. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press.10.2307/j.ctv102bhkxSearch in Google Scholar

Kleine, Christoph. 2015. „‘Religiöser Nonkonformismus’ als religionswissenschaftliche Kategorie.“ Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft 23/1:3–34.10.1515/zfr-2015-0002Search in Google Scholar

Koch, Anne. 2014. Religionsökonomie: Eine Einführung. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.Search in Google Scholar

Krech, Volkhard, Jens Schlamelcher und Markus Hero. 2013. „Typen religiöser Sozialformen und ihre Bedeutung für die Analyse religiösen Wandels in Deutschland.“ Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 65/S1:51–71.10.1007/s11577-013-0218-5Search in Google Scholar

Lai Chi-tim 黎志添. 2002. „Minguo shiqi Guangzhoushi nanwu daoguan de lishi kaojiu 民國時期廣州市喃嘸道館的歷史考究. “Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiu jikan 中央研究院近代史研究集刊37:1–40.Search in Google Scholar

Lawler, Edward J. 2005. „Relational Cohesion.“ In Encyclopedia of Social Theory, hg. v. Goerge Ritzer, 633–634. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.10.4135/9781412952552.n238Search in Google Scholar

Lin, Wei-Ping. 2015. Materializing Magic Power: Chinese Popular Religion in Villages and Cities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.10.1163/9781684170814Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Yonghua. 2013. Confucian Rituals and Chinese Villagers: Ritual Change and Social Transformation in a Southeastern Chinese Community, 1368–1949. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004257252Search in Google Scholar

Liu Yirong 劉一蓉. 2005. Minnan caigu de yanjiu 閩南菜姑的研究. Chinese University of Hong Kong: PhD diss.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, Yunfeng. 2008. The Transformation of Yiguan Dao in Taiwan: Adapting to a Changing Religious Economy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Search in Google Scholar

Lusby, F. S. 22005. „Laity.“ In Encyclopedia of Religion, hg. v. Lindsay Jones, 5286–5291. Detroit: Macmillan Reference.Search in Google Scholar

Nedostup, Rebecca. 2009. Superstitious Regimes: Religion and the Politics of Chinese Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.2307/j.ctt1x07x6sSearch in Google Scholar

Otehode, Utiraruto. 2009. „The Creation and Reemergence of Qigong in China.“ In Making Religion, Making the State: The Politics of Religion in Modern China, hg. v. Yoshiko Ashiwa und David L. Wank, 241–265. Stanford: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9780804771139-011Search in Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2007. Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China. New York: Columbia University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2011 a. „Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?“ Minsu quyi 民俗曲藝172:21–72.Search in Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2011 b. „Gift and Market in the Chinese Religious Economy.“ Religion 4/4:569–594.10.1080/0048721X.2011.616703Search in Google Scholar

Pennarz, Johanna. 1992. Mazu, Macht und Marktwirtschaft: Die religiöse Organisation im sozialen und ökonomischen Wandlungsprozess der ländlichen Gesellschaft Taiwans. München: Akademischer Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Poo, Mu-chou. 1998. In Search of Personal Welfare: A View of Ancient Chinese Religion. Albany: State University of New York Press.Search in Google Scholar

Pye, Michael. 1994. „Syncretism versus Synthesis.“ Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 6:217–229.10.1163/157006894X00118Search in Google Scholar

Rappaport, Roy A. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511814686Search in Google Scholar

Reuter, Astrid. 2014. Religion in der verrechtlichten Gesellschaft: Rechtskonflikte und öffentliche Kontroversen um Religion als Grenzkämpfe um das religiöse Feld. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666540233Search in Google Scholar

Rey, Terry. 2014. Bourdieu on Religion: Imposing Faith and Legitimacy. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315711089Search in Google Scholar

Rice, Eric. 2005. „Commitment.“ In Encyclopedia of Social Theory, hg. v. Goerge Ritzer, 124–125. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.10.4135/9781412952552.n53Search in Google Scholar

Robinson, Joan. 1969. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: MacMillan St Martin’s Press.10.1007/978-1-349-15320-6Search in Google Scholar

Sawada Mizuho 澤田瑞穂, Hg. 1972. Kōchū haja shōben 校注破邪詳辯. Tokyo: Dōkyō kankōkai.Search in Google Scholar

Schultheis, Franz und Stephan Egger, Hg. 2009. Pierre Bourdieu: Religion. Konstanz: UVK.Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 1985. Volksreligion und nationale Tradition in Taiwan: Studien zur regionalen Religionsgeschichte einer chinesischen Provinz. Stuttgart: Steiner.Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 1994. „Orthodoxie, Orthopraxie und Zivilreligion im vorneuzeitlichen China.“ In Gnosisforschung und Religionsgeschichte: Festschrift für Kurt Rudolph zum 65. Geburtstag, hg. v. Holger Preissler, Hubert Seiwert und Heinz Mürmel, 529–541. Marburg: diagonal-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 1999. „The German Enquete Commission on Sects: Political Conflicts and Compromises.“ Social Justice Research 12/4:323–340.10.1023/A:1022069008737Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 2003. Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789047402343Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 2009. „Religiöse Bewegungen im frühmodernen China: Eine prozesstheoretische Skizze.“ In Religionswissenschaft im Kontext der Asienwissenschaften: 99 Jahre religionswissenschaftliche Lehre und Forschung in Bonn, hg. v. Manfred Hutter, 179–196. Berlin/Münster: Lit.Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 2013. „Warum religiöse Toleranz kein außereuropäisches Konzept ist oder: Die Harmonie der ‘drei Lehren’ im vormodernen China.“ In Reden und Schweigen über religiöse Differenz: Tolerieren in epochenübergreifender Perspektive, hg. v. Dietlind Hüchtker, Yvonne Kleinmann und Martina Thomsen, 35–58. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Seiwert, Hubert. 2014. „Wilde Religionen: Religiöser Nonkonformismus, kulturelle Dynamik und Säkularisierung in China.“ In Religiöse Minderheiten und gesellschaftlicher Wandel, hg. v. Edith Franke, 11–27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar

Sharot, Stephen. 2001. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: Virtuosos, Priests, and Popular Religion. New York: New York University Press.10.18574/nyu/9780814786635.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Spickard, James V. 1998. „Rethinking Religious Social Action: What is ‘Rational’ about Rational-Choice Theory?“ Sociology of Religion 59/2:99–115.10.2307/3712075Search in Google Scholar

Stark, Rodney und William S. Bainbridge. 1996. A Theory of Religion. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Stark, Rodney und Roger Finke. 2000. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520924345Search in Google Scholar

Stolz, Jörg. 2006. „Salvation Goods and Religious Markets: Integrating Rational Choice and Weberian Perspectives.“ Social Compass 53/1:13–32.10.1177/0037768606061575Search in Google Scholar

Sutton, Donald S. 2000. „From Credulity to Scorn: Confucians Confront the Spirit Mediums in Late Imperial China.“ Late Imperial China 21/2:145–183.10.1353/late.2000.0010Search in Google Scholar

Sutton, Donald S. 2007. „Ritual, Cultural Standardization, and Orthopraxy in China: Reconsidering James L. Watson’s Ideas.“ Modern China 33/3:3–21.10.1177/0097700406294914Search in Google Scholar

Tam, Yik F. 2012. „Xianghua foshi 香花佛事 (Incense and Flower Buddhist Rites): A Local Buddhist Funeral Ritual Tradition in Southeast China.“ In Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China, hg. v. Paul Williams und Patrice Ladwig, 217–236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511782251.012Search in Google Scholar

Turner, Bryan S. 2011. „Pierre Bourdieu and the Sociology of Religion.“ In The Legacy of Pierre Bourdieu: Critical Essays, hg. v. Simon Susen und Bryan S. Turner, 223–245. London/New York: Anthem Press.10.7135/UPO9780857289278.011Search in Google Scholar

Urban, Hugh B. 2003. „Sacred Capital: Pierre Bourdieu and the Study of Religion.“ Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 15/4:354–389.10.1163/157006803322697416Search in Google Scholar

van der Aa Kühle, Lene. 2008. „Globalization, Bourdieu and New Religions.“ In New Religions and Globalization: Empirical, Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives, hg. v. Armin W. Geertz, Dorthe R. Christensen und Margit Warburg, 95–108. Aarhus, Denmark/Oakville, CT: Aarhus University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Verter, Bradford. 2003. „Spiritual Capital: Theorizing Religion with Bourdieu Against Bourdieu.“ Sociological Theory 21/2:150–174.10.1111/1467-9558.00182Search in Google Scholar

Volpert, Anton. 1910. „Tsch’öng huang, der Schutzgott der Städte in China.“ Anthropos 5/4:991–1026.Search in Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 2002. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).Search in Google Scholar

Wolf, Arthur P. 1978. „Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors.“ In Studies in Chinese Society, hg. v. Arthur P. Wolf, 131–182. Stanford: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9781503620803-005Search in Google Scholar

Wrong, Dennis H. 1995. Power: Its Forms, Bases and Uses. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishing.10.4324/9781315127125Search in Google Scholar

Yang, C. K. 1991. Religion in Chinese Society: A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors. Berkeley: University of California Press.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Fenggang. 2012. Religion in China: Survival and Revival under Communist Rule. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735655.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Yu, Jimmy. 2012. Sanctity and Self-Inflicted Violence in Chinese Religions, 1500–1700. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844906.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Yu Zhejun 郁喆隽. 2015. „Zhongguo zongjiao yanjiu de leixingxue wenti: Cong Jiangnan minjian zongjiao chufa 中國宗教研究的類型學問題: 從江南民間宗教出發. “Zongjiao shehuixue 宗教社會學 3:16–34.Search in Google Scholar

Zheng Zhiming 鄭志明. 2010. Taiwan zongjiao zuzhi yu xingzheng 台灣宗教組織與行政. Taipei: Wenjin chubanshe.Search in Google Scholar

Online erschienen: 2017-8-17
Erschienen im Druck: 2017-7-27

© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 28.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zfr-2016-0028/html
Scroll to top button