- Published Online:
- 2014-01-10
- Published in Print:
- 2014-04-01
- Citation Information:
- Metaphysica, Volume 15, Issue 1, Pages 47–68, eISSN 1874-6373, ISSN 1437-2053, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mp-2014-0004.
Truth is a value in that sense that a belief is correct just in case it is true, which is frequently expressed in the metaphor that beliefs aim at truth. But, what does it mean to say that beliefs aim at truth? There are three most prominent approaches to this issue: purposive (or causal), teleological (or intentional), and normative. A comprehensive discussion of these approaches is the goal of our article. We also offer the hierarchy of languages and meta-languages, which gives a fragmentary account of the concept of God’s omniscience.
Anderson, C. A. 1990. “Some Emendations of Gödel’s Ontolo-Gical Proof.” Faith and Philosophy 7:291–303.
Anscombe, G. E. M. 1958. Intention. Oxford: Blackwell.
Aquinas, T. 1981. Summa Theologica. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Maryland: Christian Classics Westminster.
Bell, J. L., and M. Machover. 1974. A Course in Mathe-Matical Logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Boghossian, P. A. 1989. “The Rule-Following Considerations.” Mind 98:157–84.
Boghossian, P. A. 2003. “The Normativity of Content.” Philosophical Issues 13:31–45.
Broome, J. 2000. “Normative Requirements.” In Normativity, edited by J. Dancy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bykvist, K., and A. Hattiangadi. 2007. “Does Thought Imply Ought?” Analysis 67:277–85.
Creel, R. F. 1982. “Omniscience.” Process Studies 12:209–31.
Edmonds, K. A. 2007. Abandoning the Truth Aim – A Reevaluation of the Aim of Belief and the Goal of Cognition. Bachelor thesis, Williams College, Williamstown, MA.
Engel, P. 2001. “Is Truth a Norm?” In Interpreting Davidson, edited by P. Kotatko, P. Pagin, and G. Segal. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Engel, P. 2002. Truth. Chesham: Acumen.
Engel, P. 2003. “Truth and the Aim of Belief.” In Laws and Models in Science, edited by D. Gilles. London: King’s College Publications.
Engel, P. 2007. “Belief and Normativity.” Disputatio II(23):179–203.
Gibbard, A. 2003. “Thoughts and Norms.” Philosophical Issues 13:83–98.
Gibbard, A. 2005. “Truth and Correct Belief.” Philosophical Issues 15:338–50.
Glüer, K., and A. Wikforss. 2009. “Against Content Normativity.” Mind 118:31–70.
Grim, P. 1983. “Some Neglected Problems of Omniscience.” American Philosophical Quarterly 20:265–76.
Grim, P. 1984. “There Is No Set of All Truths.” Analysis 44:206–08.
Grim, P. 1988. “A Truth, Omniscience and the Knower.” Philosophical Studies 54:9–41.
Grim, P. 1991. The Incomplete Universe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Grim, P., and A. Plantinga. 1993. “Truth, Omniscience, and Cantorian Arguments: An Exchange.” Philosophical Studies 71:267–306.
Haack, S. 1978. Philosophy of Logics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Humberstone, L. 1992. “Direction of Fit.” Mind 101:59–83.
Searle, J. 1983. Intentionality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shah, N. 2003. “How Truth Governs Belief.” The Philosophical Review 112:447–82.
Shah, N., and J. D. Velleman. 2005. “Doxastic Deliberation.” The Philosophical Review 114:497–534.
Sosa, E. 2007. A Virtue Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steglich-Petersen, A. 2006. “No Norm Needed: On the Aim of Belief.” The Philosophical Quarterly 56:499–516.
Szatkowski, M. 2005. “Semantic Analysis of Some Variants of Anderson-Like Ontological Proofs.” Studia Logica 79:317–55.
Szatkowski, M. 2007. “Contingent Modal Semantics for Some Variants of Anderson-Like Ontological Proofs.” Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 16:91–114.
Szatkowski, M. 2011. “Partly Free Semantics for Some Anderson-Like Ontological Proofs.” Journal of Logic, Language and Information 20:475–512.
Szatkowski, M. 2012. “Fully Free Semantics for Some Anderson-Like Ontological Proofs.” In Ontological Proofs Today, edited by M. Szatkowski. Frankfurt/Paris/Lancaster/New Brunswick: Ontos Verlag.
Tarski, A. 1935/36. “Der Wahrheitsbegriff in Den Formalisierten Sprachen.” Studia Philosophica 1:261–405. Also, “The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages”, translated by J. H. Woodger, in Logic, Semantics and Metamathematics: Papersby Alfred Tarski 1923–1938, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
Velleman, D. 2000. “On the Aim of Belief.” In The Possibility of Practical Reason, edited by D. Velleman, 244–81. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wedgwood, R. 2002. “The Aim of Belief.” Philosophical Perspectives 16:267–97.
Wedgwood, R. 2007a. “The Normativity of the Intentional.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Mind, edited by B. McLaughlin and A. Beckermann. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wedgwood, R. 2007b. “Normativism Defended.” In Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Mind, edited by B. McLaughlin and J. Cohen. Oxford: Blackwell.
Williams, B. 1970. “Deciding To Believe.” In Problems of the Self, edited by B. Williams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zangwill, N.1998. “Norms and Mind: Direction of Fit and Normative Functionalism.” Philosophical Studies 91:173–203.