Information ACTism in “Trumping” the Contemporary Fake News Phenomenon in Rural Libraries
Abstract
Fabricated or fake news has become a phenomenon of unprecedented proportions in the 21st century. Donald J. Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has played a major role in its pervasive adoption and spread of misinformation and disinformation since his ascendency on November 8, 2016. In today’s complex political landscape, this article introduces the gerund and present participle “trumping” in mock homage to the fake news legacy of President Trump. “Trumping” simultaneously symbolizes a seemingly contradictory act of subversive and patriotic resistance for libraries to counter his fake news rhetoric to further his political ends. It calls for rural libraries (amongst others) to embrace a multi-pronged approach of information ACTism that draws upon intersections in information literacy-fluency-advocacy in their “trumping” actions to resist the President’s unhealthy behaviors since rural communities (and others) continue to be especially susceptible to his negativity and use of fake news. This think piece is based on analysis of selected news media coverage and provides libraries out-ofthe-box strategies to lead their communities towards critical and reflective analytical political decision-making in the face of fake news bombardment emerging from a person in the highest office of the land.
-
Alexander, J. (2008). Literacy, Sexuality, Pedagogy: Theory and Practice for Composition Studies. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press.
-
Alfino, M., and Koltutsky, L. (2014). The Library Juice Press Handbook of Intellectual Freedom: Concepts, Cases, and Theories. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press.
-
American Library Association. (latest amended 1996). Library Bill of Rights.http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/librarybill.
-
Anapol, A. (2018). “Trump blasts ‘Fake News Media’ for ‘purposely’ leaving out context to his immigration comments.” The Hill, May 18. http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/388268-trump-blasts-fake-news-media-for-purposely-leaving-out-context-to-his.
-
Anderson, B. (2004). News Flash: Journalism, Infortainment and the Bottom-Line Business of Broadcast News. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
-
Armstrong, S. (2008). Information Literacy: Navigating & Evaluating Today’s Media (Second edition). Huntington Beach, CA: Shell Education.
-
Azarian, B. (2016). “The Psychology Behind Donald Trump’s Unwavering Support.” Psychology Today, September 13. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mind-in-the-machine/201609/the-psychology-behind-donald-trumps-unwavering-support.
-
Barker, J. (2017). “Fake news has deep roots in history.” TheSlateOnline.com, December 21. http://www.theslateonline.com/article/2017/12/fake-news-has-deep-roots-in-history.
-
Bergman, B. J. (2005). Looking at Electronic Resources Librarians: Is there Gender Equity Within this Emerging Specialty? New Library World, 106(3/4), 116-127.
-
Blake, A. (2018). “A new study suggests fake news might have won Donald Trump the 2916 election.” The Washington Post, April 3. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/04/03/a-new-study-suggests-fake-news-might-have-won-donald-trump-the-2016-election/?utm_term=.67fb6113e490.
-
Boczkowski, P. J., and Papacharissi, Z. (2018). Trump and the Media. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
-
Bruce, C. (2011). Information Literacy Programs and Research: An International Review. The Australian Library Journal, 60(4), 326-333.
-
Burkhardt, J. M. (2016). Teaching Information Literacy Reframed: 50+ Framework-Based Exercises for Creating Information-Literate Learners. Chicago, IL: American Library Association Neal-Schuman Publishers.
-
Cappella, J. N., and Jamieson, K. H. (1996). News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546(1), 71-84.
-
Carlson, J., and Johnston, L. (2015). Data Information Literacy: Librarians, Data, and the Education of a New Generation of Researchers (Purdue Information Literacy Handbooks). Purdue, IN: Purdue University Press.
-
Carlton, A. (2018). Are Libraries Neutral? President’s Program tackles heavy subject from multiple angles. American Libraries, February 12. https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/are-libraries-neutral/.
-
Castillo, M. (2018). “Trump’s ‘fake news’ fight has helped media ratings and readership.” CNBC: Tech, April 27. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/23/trumps-fake-news-fight-has-helped-media-ratings-and-readership.html.
-
Cavari, A., and Powell, R. J. (2017). The 2016 Presidential Election: The Causes and Consequences of a Political Earthquake (Voting, Elections, and the Political Process). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
-
Chomsky, N. (2011). How the World Works: Four Classic Bestsellers in One Affordable Volume (Real Story). Interviewed by David Barsamian. Edited by Arthur Naiman. Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull Press.
-
Cooke, N. A. (2018). Fake News and Alternative Facts: Information Literacy in a Post-Truth Era (American Library Association Special Report). Chicago, IL: American Library Association.
-
Cooke, N. A. (2017). Posttruth, Truthiness, and Alternative Facts: Information Behavior and Critical Information Consumption for a New Age. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 87(3), 211–221.
-
Dakers, D. (2018). Information Literacy and Fake News (Why Does Media Literacy Matter?). New York: Crabtree Publishing Company.
-
Dale, D. (2017). “Donald Trump has said 978 false things as U. S. President.” Toronto Star, December 22. http://archive.is/UyXya#selection-97.89-97.170.
-
D’Angelo, B., Jamieson, S., Maid, B., and Walker, J. (2017). Information Literacy: Research and Collaboration across Disciplines (Perspectives on Writing) (1st edition). Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Open Press.
-
Delreal, J. A., and Clement, S. (2017). “New poll of rural Americans shows deep cultural divide with urban centers.” The Denver Post, June 17. https://www.denverpost.com/2017/06/17/poll-rural-urban-america-culture/.
-
Dice, M. (2017). The True Story of Fake News: How Mainstream Media Manipulates Millions. San Diego, CA: The Resistance Manifesto.
-
Doctor, K. (2017). “Trump Bump Grows Into Subscription Surge – and Not Just for the New York Times.” The Street, March 2. https://www.thestreet.com/story/14024114/1/trump-bump-grows-into-subscription-surge.html.
-
Downey, J. (2017). Public Library Collections in the Balance: Censorship, Inclusivity, and Truth. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited.
-
Eisenberg, M. B., Lowe, C. A., and Spitzer, K. I. (2004). Information Literacy: Essential Skills for the Information Age (Second edition). Westport, CA: Libraries Unlimited.
-
Ekins, E. (2017). “The Five Types pf Trump Voters.” Democracy Fund Voter Study Group, June. https://www.voterstudygroup.org/publications/2016-elections/the-five-types-trump-voters.
-
Elmborg, J. (2006). Critical Information Literacy: Implications for Instructional Practice. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 32(2), 192-199.
-
Epstein, S., Smallwood, C., and Gubnitakala, V. (2019). Social Justice and Activism in Libraries: Essays on Diversity and Change. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
-
Farley, R. (2017). “More Trump Deception on Voter Fraud.” FactCheck.org, January 26. https://www.factcheck.org/2017/01/more-trump-deception-on-voter-fraud/.
-
Financial Times. (2018). “The dangers of a global ‘fake news’ backlash.” Financial News, April 8. https://www.ft.com/content/135836ac-3b32-11e8-b9f9-de94fa33a81e.
-
Fiore, S. (2017). “Public Libraries as Instruments for Social and Political Activism.” Public Libraries Online: A Publication of the Public Library Association, March 14. http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2017/03/public-libraries-as-instruments-for-social-and-political-activism/.
-
Fitzpatrick J. B. (2007). Mrs. Magavero: A History Based on the Life of an Academic Librarian. Duluth, MN: Library Juice Press.
-
Flood, A. (2017). “Fake news is ‘very real’ word of the year for 2017.” The Guardian, November 2. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/nov/02/fake-news-is-very-real-word-of-the-year-for-2017.
-
Flores, R. (2018). “Pope warns against ‘fake news’ and likens it to ‘crafty serpent’ in Genesis.” CNN World, February 26. https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/24/world/pope-condemns-fake-news/index.html.
-
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: The Continuing Publishing Company.
-
Garcia, J., and Nelson, S. (2007). 2007 Public Library Service Responses. Chicago, IL: Public Library Association, a division of the American Library Association. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.456.1022&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
-
Global Digital Citizen Foundation. (n.d.). “Information Fluency.” https://globaldigitalcitizen.org/21st-century-fluencies/information-fluency.
-
Graves, L. (2018). “How Trump Weaponized ‘Fake News’ for His Own Political Ends.” Pacific Standards, February 26. https://psmag.com/social-justice/how-trump-weaponized-fake-news-for-his-own-political-ends.
-
Gregory, L., and Higgins, S. (2013). Information Literacy and Social Justice: Radical Professional Praxis. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press.
-
Gunther, R., Beck, P. A., and Nisbet, E. C. (2018). “Fake News May Have Contributed to Trump’s 2016 Victory.” March 8. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4429952-Fake-News-May-Have-Contributed-to-Trump-s-2016.html.
-
Gunton, L., Bruce, C., and Stoodley, I. (2012). Experiencing Religious Information Literacy: Informed Learning in Church Communities. The Australian Library Journal, 61(2), 119-132.
-
Gutsche, Jr., R. E. (2018). The Trump Presidency, Journalism, and Democracy (Routledge Research in Journalism). New York: Routledge.
-
Harveston, K. (2018). “Donald Trump’s obsession with Hillary Clinton is a sign of a deeper problem with politics.” ABC News, January 25. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-25/why-hillary-clinton-still-haunts-donald-trump/9356520.
-
Hessler, P. (2017). “How Trump is Transforming Rural America.” Letter from Colorado, The New Yorker, July 24. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/07/24/how-trump-is-transforming-rural-america.
-
Hicks, D. (2016). Advocating for Librarianship: The Discourses of Advocacy and Service in the Professional Identities of Librarians. Library Trends, 64(3), 615-640.
-
Hirst, M. (2017). Towards a Political Economy of Fake News. The Political Economy of Communication, 5(2), 82-94.
-
Hirst, M. (2011). News 2.0: Can journalism survive the internet? Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin.
-
Hochman, B. (2014). Investing in Literature: Ernestine Rose and the Harlem Branch Public Library of the 1920s. Legacy, 31(1), 93-106.
-
Houck, B. D., and Novak, S. (2016). Literacy Unleashed: Fostering Excellent Reading Instruction Through Classroom Visits. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
-
Hwang, B., and Pang, K. (2017). “An Era of Islamophobia: The Muslim Immigrant Experience in America.” Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research, 5(Article 11), 49-55. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=pjcr.
-
Iannuzzi, P. (2000). Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. Community & Junior College Libraries, 9(4), 63-67.
-
Ibrahim, N. (2018). “Under guise of combating ‘fake news,’ foreign governments target their critics.” abcNews, May 29. https://abcnews.go.com/International/guise-combating-fake-news-foreign-governments-target-critics/story?id=55506470.
-
Iftikhar, A. (2016). “Commentary: Being Muslim in Donald Trump’s America.” Chicago Tribune. November 9. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-president-donald-trump-muslims-20161109-story.html.
-
Illing, S. (2017). ““Rural America” doesn’t mean “white America”—here’s why that matters: What our conversation about “rural America” is missing.” Vox Media, April 24. https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/4/24/15286624/race-rural-america-trump-politics-media.
-
Irwin, R. (2017). “Trump’s Ascendancy as History.” The International Security Studies Form: Policy Series, March 28. https://issforum.org/roundtables/policy/1-5x-ascendancy.
-
iTeach2. “Information Fluency.” https://sites.google.com/a/alaska.edu/iteach2/topics/information-fluency.
-
Jackson, A. P., Jefferson Jr., J. C., and Nosakhere, A. C. (2012). The 21st Century Black Librarian in America: Issues and Challenges. Toronto, Canada: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
-
Jacobson, L. (2016). “Donald Trump’s Pants on Fire claim that millions of illegal votes cost him popular vote victory.” Politifact: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, November 28. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/nov/28/donald-trump/donald-trumps-pants-fire-claim-millions-illegal-vo/.
-
Jaeger, P. T., Zerhusen, E., Gorham, U., Hill, R. F., and Taylor, N. G. (2017). Waking Up to Advocacy in a New Political Reality for Libraries. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 87(4), 369-390.
-
Kaufmann, E. (2019). Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration, and the Future of White Majorities (1st ed.). New York City, NY: The Overlook Press.
-
Kavanaugh, J. (2018). Consulting Essentials: The Art and Science of People, Facts, and Frameworks. New York: Lioncrest Publishing.
-
Keen, A. (2008). The Cult of the Amateur: How Blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and the Rest of Today’s User-Generated Media are Destroying Our Economy, Our Culture, and Our Values. New York: Doubleday Publishing Group.
-
Kegley, C. W., and Blanton, S. L. (2014). World Politics: Trend and Transformation: 2014-2015 Edition. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
-
Kessler, G., Rizzo, S., and Kelly, M. (2018). “President Trump has made 3,001 false or misleading claims so far.” The Washington Post, May 31. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/05/01/president-trump-has-made-3001-false-or-misleading-claims-so-far/?utm_term=.f010d435c135.
-
Klaas, B. (2017). The Despot’s Apprentice: Donald Trump’s Attack on Democracy. London, United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd.
-
Kim, T. (2018). “Here’s what happens to shares of companies that Trump attacks.” CNBC: Investing, April 5. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/heres-what-happens-to-shares-of-companies-that-trump-attacks.html.
-
Lankes, R. D. (2015). Expect More: Demanding Better Libraries for Today’s Complex World (2nd Edition). Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
-
Leatherby, L. (2016). “US Urban-Rural Political Divide Deepened in 2016.” Financial Times, November 15. https://www.ft.com/content/f7c7dd96-ab65-11e6-ba7d-76378e4fef24.
-
Leonhardt, D., and Stuart, T. A. (2017). “Trump’s Lies.” The New York Times, December 14. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/06/23/opinion/trumps-lies.html.
-
Lewis, A. (2008). Questioning Library Neutrality: Essays from Progressive Librarian. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press. Lieberman, B. A. (2017). Toward a More Perfect Union. Seattle, WA: Amazon Digital Services LLC.
-
List-Handley, C., Heller-Ross, H., O’Hara-Gonya, E., and Armstrong, A. (2013). Information Literacy and Technology (5th edition). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing.
-
Lloyd, A. (2010). Framing Information Literacy as Information Practice: Site Ontology and Practice Theory. Journal of Documentation, 66(2), 245-258.
-
Lombard, E. (2016). Information Fluency: Not Information Literacy 2.0. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 42(3), 281-283.
-
Luhtala, M., and Whiting, J. (2018). News Literacy: The Keys to Combating Fake News. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
-
Luke, A., and Kapitzke, C. (1999). Literacy and Libraries: Archives and Cybraries. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 7(3), 467-491.
-
Lukianoff, G., and Haidt, J. (2018). The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure. New York: Penguin Press.
-
Mara, W. (2018). Mainstream News (21st Century Skills Library: Global Citizens: Modern Media). North Mankato, MN: Cherry Lake Publishing.
-
Mast, N. (2017). “In urban Sweden and heartland America, xenophobic fake news looks the same.” Media Matters for America. December 26. https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2017/12/26/urban-sweden-and-heartland-america-xenophobic-fake-news-looks-same/218921.
-
McCook, K. de la, and Bossaller, J. S. (2017). Introduction to Public Librarianship (Third Edition). Chicago, IL: Neal-Schuman Publishers.
-
Mehra, B. (2017). Mobilization of Rural Libraries toward Political and Economic Change in the Aftermath of the 2016 Presidential Election. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 87(4), 369-390.
-
Mehra, B., Bishop, B. W., and Partee II, R. P. (2017). How Do Public Libraries Assist Small Businesses in Rural Communities? An Exploratory Qualitative Study in Tennessee. Libri International Journal of Libraries and Information Studies, 67(4), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1515/libri-2017-0042.
-
Mehra, B., and Rioux, K. (2016). Progressive Community Action: Critical Theory and Social Justice in Library and Information Science. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press.
-
Mehra, B., Rioux, K., and Albright, K. S. (2009). Social Justice in Library and Information Science. In M. J. Bates and M. N. Maack (eds.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences (pp. 4820-4836). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
-
Mehra, B., Singh, V., Sikes, E. S. (2018). Assessment of Rural Library Professionals’ Role in Community Engagement in the Southern and Central Appalachian Region: Mobilization from Change Agents to Community Anchors (CA2CA@SCA-RL) (Works-In-Progress Poster). Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE) Annual Conference: The Expanding LIS Education Universe, Denver, Colorado, February 6-9, 2018.
-
Mennetti, P. (2017). The Illusion of Democracy: A More Accurate History of the Modern United States (A Commoners Guide to Defeating the Aristocracy). Kindle Edition. Seattle, WA: Amazon Digital Services, LLC.
-
Meza, S. (2017). “‘Fake News’ Named Word of the Year.” Culture, Newsweek, November 2. http://www.newsweek.com/fake-news-word-year-collins-dictionary-699740.
-
Misra, T. (2016). “A Complex Portrait of Rural America.” CityLab, December 8. https://www.citylab.com/equity/2016/12/a-complex-portrait-of-rural-america/509828/.
-
Moreillon, J. (2018). Maximizing School Librarian Leadership: Building Connections for Learning and Advocacy. Chicago, IL: American Library Association Editions.
-
Mumby, D. K., and Spitzack, C. (1983). Ideology and Television News: A Metaphoric Analysis of Political Stories. Central States Speech Journal, 34(3), 162-171. doi: 10.1080/10510978309368137.
-
Nelson, S. (2008). Strategic Planning for Results. Chicago, IL: American Library Association.
-
Norgaard, R., Arp, L., & Woodard, B. S. (2003). Writing Information Literacy Contributions to a Concept. Reference and User Services Quarterly, 43(2), 124-130.
-
Novella, S., Novella, B., Maria, C. S., Novella, J., and Bernstein, E. (2018). The Skeptics’ Guide to the Universe: How to Know What’s Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake. New York: Grant Central Publishing.
-
Oakleaf, M. (2008). Dangers and Opportunities: A Conceptual Map of Information Literacy Assessment Approaches. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 8(3), 233-253.
-
O’clair, K., and Davidson, J. R. (2012). The Busy Librarian’s Guide to Information Literacy in Science and Engineering. Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries, American Library Association.
-
Pawley, C. (2003). Information Literacy: A Contradictory Coupling. The Library Quarterly, 73(4), 422-452.
-
Pelley, S. (2017). “How Fake News Becomes a Popular, Trending Topic.” 60 Minutes, CBS News, March 26. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-fake-news-find-your-social-media-feeds/.
-
Perdew, L. (2016). Information Literacy in the Digital Age (Essential Library of the Information Age). Minneapolis, MN: Essential Library.
-
Picchi, A. (2017). “9 businesses President Trump has helped – and hurt.” CBS News: MoneyWatch, February 17. https://www.cbsnews.com/media/9-businesses-president-trump-has-helped-and-hurt/.
-
Pinnell-Stephens, J. (2012). Protecting Intellectual Freedom in Your Public Library (Intellectual Freedom Front Lines). Chicago, IL: American Library Association Editions.
-
polticalforum.com. (2017). Trump and economic progress, real and imagined, June 4. http://www.politicalforum.com/index.php?threads/trump-and-economic-progress-real-and-imagined.506552/.
-
Prentice, A. E. (2010). Public Libraries in the 21st Century (Library and Information Science Text Series). Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited.
-
Presidential Committee on Information Literacy, Association of College & Research Libraries. (1989). Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, Association of College & Research Libraries. http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential.
-
Public Library Association. (n.d.). Leadership Development & Advocacy. Chicago, IL: American Library Association. http://www.ala.org/pla/leadership/advocacy.
-
Ratcliffe, M., Burd, C., Holder, K., and Fields, A. (2016). “Defining Rural at the U.S. Census Bureau: American Community Survey and Geography Brief.” Brief no. ACSGEO-1. US Census Bureau. https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/ua/Defining_Rural.pdf.
-
Rawlinson, K. (2016). “How newsroom pressure is letting fake stories on to the web: The push for traffic means that clicks rule – even if the facts don’t check out,” Digital Media. The Guardian. April 17. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/apr/17/fake-news-stories-clicks-fact-checking.
-
Root, W. A. (2018). “COMMENTARY: Illegal immigration helping Donald Trump in the polls.” Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 4. https://www.reviewjournal.com/opinion/opinion-columns/wayne-allyn-root/commentary-illegal-immigration-helping-donald-trump-in-the-polls/.
-
Rosen, J. (2017). “The Last Word with Lawrence O’Donnell.” Transcript. MSNBC, February 6. http://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/the-last-word/2017-02-06.
-
Ross, A. (2016). “Cultural Comment: The Frankfurt School Knew Trump Was Coming.” The New Yorker, December 5. http://criticaltheory.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/The-Frankfurt-School-Knew-Trump-Was-Coming-The-New-Yorker.pdf.
-
Ross, J. (2018). “Trump’s ‘fake news’ on the US economy.” Learning from China – Blog, July 30. https://www.learning-fromchina.net/blog/trumps-fake-news-on-the-us-economy.
-
Schlesinger, R. (2018). “Ka-Ching: Donald Trump is raking in big bucks from emoluments foreign and domestic.” U.S. News: Civic. March 5. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2018-03-05/how-is-donald-trump-profiting-from-the-presidency-let-us-count-the-ways.
-
Schuetze, C. F., and Wolgelenter, M. (2018). “Fact Check: Trump’s False and Misleading Claims About Germany’s Crime and Immigration.” The New York Times. June 18. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/world/europe/fact-check-trump-germany.html.
-
Sharkey, J. (2013). “Establishing Twenty-First-Century Information Fluency.” Reference & User Services Quarterly 53 (1): 33–39.
-
Shirley, L., and Baharark, Y. (2017). Feminists Among Us: Resistance and Advocacy in Library Leadership (Gender and Sexuality in Information Sciences). Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press.
-
Silva, C. (2017). “Lara Trump Spreads Fake News about Clinton and Obama Trying to ‘Control the People’.” Newsweek, November 5. http://www.newsweek.com/lara-trump-spreads-fake-news-about-clinton-and-obama-trying-control-people-702322.
-
Simmons-Welburn, J., and Welburn, W. C. (2009). The Promise of Diversity in the Library Community. In Julia C. Blixrud and Dave Bogart (ed.), The Library and Book Trade Almanac (pp. 3-15) (Bowker Annual Library & Book Trade Almanac). Information Today, Inc.
-
Somerville, M. M., Mirijamdotter, A., and Collins, L. (2006). Systems Thinking and Information Literacy: Elements of a Knowledge Enabling Workplace Environment. Proceedings of the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1001864/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
-
Stan, L. (2009). Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past (BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies). New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
-
Stone, O., and Kuznick, P. (2012). The Untold History of the United States. New York: Gallery Books.
-
Sweeney, P. “PC”, and Chrastka, J. (2017). Winning Elections and Influencing Politicians for Library Funding. Chicago, IL: Neal-Schuman: An Imprint of the American Library Association.
-
Tanner, C. (2018). “Study Finds Trump Voters Believe Trump is Authentic, Even if He Appears to Lie.” USA Today: On Politics. May 2. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/05/02/trump-supporters-were-more-enthusiastic-their-support-him-candidate-extent-they-justified-trumps-lie/573371002/.
-
The Founding Fathers, and Skousen, P. B. (2016). The Constitution and the Declaration of Independence: A Pocket Constitution of the United States of America. Salt Lake City, UT: Izzard Ink Publishing.
-
Thomas, N. P. (2004). Information Literacy and Information Skills Instruction: Applying Research to Practice in the School Media Center. Westport, CA: Libraries Unlimited.
-
Thompson, D. (2018). “Donald Trump Is Helping the Very Media Organizations He Despises: How the president’s war on the press has benefited some of the nation’s biggest news outlets.” The Atlantic: Business, May 4. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/05/donald-trump-media-enemies/525381/.
-
Thussu, D. K. (2007). News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment. London, United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
-
Timm, J. C. (2017). “Fact Check: Trump Accused Clinton of Lying but the FBI said She Did Not.” NBC News, December 4. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/fact-check-trump-accused-clinton-lying-fbi-said-she-did-n826361.
-
United States Census Bureau. (2016a). “New Census Data Show Differences Between Urban and Rural Populations.” December 8. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-210.html.
-
United States Census Bureau. (2016b). American Community Survey: 2011-2015. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/.
-
U. S. Department of Commerce. (2017). U. S. International Trade in Goods and Services, September. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/international/trade/2017/trad0917.htm.
-
Usdin, S. T. (2018). Bureau of Spies: The Secret Connections between Espionage and Journalism in Washington. New York: Prometheus Books.
-
Valverde, M. (2018). “Donald Trump’s false claim that Nancy Pelosi ‘came out in favor of MS13’.” Politifact: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, May 24. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2018/may/24/donald-trump/donald-trumps-false-claim-nancy-pelosi-came-out-fa/.
-
Waldorf, B. S. (2007). What Is Urban and What Is Rural in Indiana? Purdue Center for Regional Development. Indiana: Purdue University Department of Agricultural Economics. https://www.pcrd.purdue.edu/files/media/What-is-Rural-and-What-is-Urban-in-Indiana.pdf.
-
Wabisabi. (n.d.). Information Fluency: Quickstart Skills Guide.https://wabisabizen.com/.
-
Wasik, B. (2009). And Then There’s This: How Stories Liv and Die in Viral Culture. London, United Kingdom: Viking.
-
Wendling, M. (2018). “The (almost) complete history of ‘fake news’.” BBC Trending, BBC News, January 22. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-42724320.
-
Woodward, B. (2018). Fear: Trump in the White House. New York: Simon & Schuster.
-
Wright, H. C. (2013). Jesse Shera, Librarianship, and Information Science. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press.
-
Yen, H., Boak, J., and Rugaber, C. (2018). “AP FACT CHECK: Trump’s hyped claims on economy, NKorea, vets.” The Associated Press, July 28. https://apnews.com/5b405824a9d843a09a641754d84aa1ab.
-
Yuhas, A., and Sidahmed, M. (2017). “Is this a Muslim ban? Trump’s executive order explained.” The Guardian. January 31. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/trump-immigration-ban-syria-muslims-reaction-lawsuits.
-
Zhao, Y. (2012). Understanding China’s Media System in a World Historical Context. In Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini (ed.), Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World (Communication, Society, and Politics). (pp. 143-176). New York: Cambridge University Press.
-
Zhongdang, P., and Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55-75.
