Abstract
The objective of the work is to analyze the downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), transmission rate, bit error rate (BER), and average BER in terms of the irradiance angle of the receiver’s orientation and incident light and transmitter-to-receiver separation distance. The research considered two Light Fidelity (LiFi) access points (APs) for this analysis in a smart classroom context. The work derived the best favorable irradiance angle in terms of transmitter–receiver separation at which user devices achieve the highest SINR and transmission rate considering both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) coverage areas. Moreover, the work analyzed SINR-based BER and average BER for the same communication scenario. The research derived that 47° to 50° irradiance angles of the receiver’s orientation and incident light offer the most favorable performance.
Funding source: Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Award Identifier / Grant number: ARP/2022/EEE/02/09
Acknowledgments
The authors are expressing their gratitude to the CASR and the department of EEE, AUST for their support.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: Mobasshir Mahbub – conception, literature review, system modeling, simulation, writing draft. M. Shariful Islam – system modeling, supervision, review, validation. Bobby Barua – supervision, review, validation.
-
Competing interests: The authors’ declare no known competing interest.
-
Research funding: This research work has been supported by the office of the Committee for Advanced Studies and Research (CASR) of Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST) under the Project/Grant ID: ARP/2022/EEE/02/09.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
1. Wu, Y, Gao, X, Zhou, S, Yang, W, Polyanskiy, Y, Caire, G. Massive access for future wireless communication systems. IEEE Wireless Commun 2020;27:148–56, https://doi.org/10.1109/mwc.001.1900494.Search in Google Scholar
2. Baset, A, Becker, C, Derr, K, Ramirez, S, Kasera, S, Bhaskara, A. Towards wireless environment cognizance through incremental learning. In: 2019 IEEE 16th international conference on mobile ad hoc and sensor systems (MASS). Monterey, CA, USA; 2019:256–64 pp.10.1109/MASS.2019.00038Search in Google Scholar
3. Flavián, C, Ibáñez-Sánchez, S, Orús, C. The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience. J Bus Res 2019;100:547–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.050.Search in Google Scholar
4. Cardoso, LFS, Kimura, BYL, Zorzal, ER. Towards augmented and mixed reality on future mobile networks. Multimed Tool Appl 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-15301-4.Search in Google Scholar
5. da Silva Oliveira, S, Silva, GEPL, Gorgônio, AC, Barreto, CAS, Canuto, AMP, Carvalho, BM. Team recommendation for the Pokémon GO game using optimization approaches. In: 2020 19th Brazilian symposium on computer games and digital entertainment (SBGames). Recife, Brazil; 2020:163–70 pp.10.1109/SBGames51465.2020.00030Search in Google Scholar
6. Figueiredo, M, Alves, LN, Ribeiro, C. Lighting the wireless world: the promise and challenges of visible light communication. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 2017;6:28–37, https://doi.org/10.1109/mce.2017.2714721.Search in Google Scholar
7. Matheus, LEM, Vieira, AB, Vieira, LFM, Vieira, MAM, Gnawali, O. Visible light communication: concepts, applications and challenges. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2019;21:3204–37, https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2913348.Search in Google Scholar
8. Albraheem, LI, Alhudaithy, LH, Aljaser, AA, Aldhafian, MR, Bahliwah, GM. Toward designing a Li-Fi-based hierarchical IoT architecture. IEEE Access;6:40811–25, https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2857627.Search in Google Scholar
9. Soni, N, Mohta, M, Choudhury, T. The looming visible light communication Li-Fi: an edge over Wi-Fi. In: 2016 international conference system modeling & advancement in research trends (SMART). Moradabad, India; 2016:201–5 pp.10.1109/SYSMART.2016.7894519Search in Google Scholar
10. Bhutani, M, Lall, B, Agrawal, M. Optical wireless communications: research challenges for MAC layer. IEEE Access 2022;10:126969–89, https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3225913.Search in Google Scholar
11. Celik, A, Romdhane, I, Kaddoum, G, Eltawil, AM. A top-down survey on optical wireless communications for the internet of things. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2023;25:1–45, https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2022.3220504.Search in Google Scholar
12. Wu, X, Soltani, MD, Zhou, L, Safari, M, Haas, H. Hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 2021;23:1398–420, https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3058296.Search in Google Scholar
13. Ji, R, Wang, S, Liu, Q, Lu, W. High-speed visible light communications: enabling technologies and state of the art. Appl Sci 2018;8. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8040589.Search in Google Scholar
14. Lourenço, N, Terra, D, Kumar, N, Alves, LN, Aguiar, RL. Visible light communication system for outdoor applications. In: 2012 8th international symposium on communication systems, networks & digital signal processing (CSNDSP). Poznan, Poland; 2012:1–6 pp.10.1109/CSNDSP.2012.6292744Search in Google Scholar
15. Ghassemlooy, Z, Arnon, S, Uysal, M, Xu, Z, Cheng, J. Emerging optical wireless communications-advances and challenges. IEEE J Sel Area Commun 2015;33:1738–49, https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2458511.Search in Google Scholar
16. Khan, F, Jan, SR, Tahir, M, Khan, S. Applications, limitations, and improvements in visible light communication systems. In: 2015 international conference on connected vehicles and expo (ICCVE). Shenzhen, China; 2015:259–62 pp.10.1109/ICCVE.2015.46Search in Google Scholar
17. Tsonev, D, Chun, H, Rajbhandari, S, McKendry, JJD, Videv, S, Gu, E, et al.. A 3-Gb/s single-LED OFDM-based wireless VLC link using a gallium nitride μLED. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2014;26:637–40, https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2013.2297621.Search in Google Scholar
18. Fon, RC, Ndjiongue, AR, Ouahada, K, Abu-Mahfouz, AM. Fibre optic-VLC versus laser-VLC: a review study. Photonic Netw Commun 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-023-00997-z.Search in Google Scholar
19. Badeel, R, Subramaniam, SK, Hanapi, ZM, Muhammed, A. A review on LiFi network research: open issues, applications and future directions. Appl Sci 2021;11, https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311118.Search in Google Scholar
20. Ghaderi, MR. LiFi and Hybrid WiFi/LiFi indoor networking: from theory to practice. Opt Switch Netw 2023;47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2022.100699.Search in Google Scholar
21. Sharma, PK, Ryu, JH, Park, KY, Park, JH, Park, JH. Li-Fi based on security cloud framework for future IT environment. Hum-centric Comput Inf Sci 2018;8, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-018-0146-5.Search in Google Scholar
22. Hesham, H, Ismail, T. Hybrid NOMA-based ACO-FBMC/OQAM for next-generation indoor optical wireless communications using LiFi technology. Opt Quant Electron 2022;54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03559-1.Search in Google Scholar
23. Soltani, MD, Zeng, Z, Tavakkolnia, I, Haas, H, Safari, M. Random receiver orientation effect on channel gain in LiFi systems. In: 2019 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). Marrakesh, Morocco; 2019:1–6 pp.10.1109/WCNC.2019.8886097Search in Google Scholar
24. Ozyurt, AB, Bian, R, Haas, H, Popoola, WO. Energy and spectral efficiency of multi-tier LiFi networks. In: 2023 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). Glasgow, United Kingdom; 2023:1–6 pp.10.1109/WCNC55385.2023.10118728Search in Google Scholar
25. Soltani, MD, Wu, X, Safari, M, Haas, H. Bidirectional user throughput maximization based on feedback reduction in LiFi networks. IEEE Trans Commun 2018;66:3172–86, https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2809435.Search in Google Scholar
26. Arfaoui, MA, Soltani, MD, Tavakkolnia, I, Ghrayeb, A, Assi, CM, Safari, M, et al.. Measurements-based channel models for indoor LiFi systems. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 2021;20:827–42, https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3028456.Search in Google Scholar
27. Soltani, MD, Purwita, AA, Zeng, Z, Haas, H, Safari, M. Modeling the random orientation of mobile devices: measurement, analysis and LiFi use case. IEEE Trans Commun 2019;67:2157–72, https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2882213.Search in Google Scholar
28. Wu, X, Safari, M, Haas, H. Joint optimisation of load balancing and handover for hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks. In: 2017 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC). San Francisco, CA, USA; 2017:1–5 pp.10.1109/WCNC.2017.7925839Search in Google Scholar
29. Proakis, JG. Digital communications, 4th ed. New York, NY, United States: McGraw Hill; 2000.Search in Google Scholar
30. Evans, M, Hastings, N, Peacock, B. Statistical distributions, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1993.Search in Google Scholar
31. Mood, AM, Graybill, FA, Boes, DC. Introduction to the theory of statistics, 3rd ed. New York, NY, United States: McGraw-Hill; 1974.Search in Google Scholar
32. Huynh, HD, Sandrasegaran, KS. Coverage performance of light fidelity (Li-Fi) network. In: 2019 25th Asia-Pacific conference on communications (APCC). Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; 2019:361–6 pp.10.1109/APCC47188.2019.9026407Search in Google Scholar
33. Wang, Y, Wu, X, Haas, H. Load balancing game with shadowing effect for indoor hybrid LiFi/RF networks. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 2017;16:2366–78, https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2664821.Search in Google Scholar
34. Wu, X, O’Brien, DC. Parallel transmission LiFi. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 2020;19:6268–76, https://doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.3001983.Search in Google Scholar
35. Wang, Y, Wu, X, Haas, H. Analysis of area data rate with shadowing effects in Li-Fi and RF hybrid network. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2016:1–5 pp.10.1109/ICC.2016.7511139Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
